Noordsy's Food Animal Surgery

List of Contributors xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

About the Companion Website xxi

Section I General Considerations, Restraint, and Analgesia 1

1 General Surgical Considerations 3
Andrew J. Niehaus

Determining Surgical Candidacy 3

Preoperative Procedures 3

Preparing the Surgical Site 8

Postoperative Care 8

References 13

2 Surgical Restraint 15
Andrew J. Niehaus

General Considerations 15

Keep Animals Calm and Reduce Stress 15

Techniques That Divert the Animal’s Attention 16

Methods That Reduce Kicking 19

Methods for Raising a Leg in Cattle 19

Methods for Restraining the Tail in Cattle 20

Methods for Casting Cattle 23

Other Restraints 23

Mechanical Restraint 25

References 27

3 Local and Regional Anesthesia 29
Andrew J. Niehaus

General Considerations for Local and Regional Anesthesia 29

Anesthesia for the Abdominal Flank in Cattle 30

Line Block 37

Anesthesia of the Distal Limb Via Vascular (IV) Infusion in Cattle (Bier Block) 38

Anesthesia of the Horn (Cornual Nerve Block) 39

Eye and Eyelid Anesthesia in Cattle 42

Teat Anesthesia in Cattle 48

Sacral and Subsacral Paravertebral Blocks 50

References 56

4 Epidural and Subarachnoid Anesthesia and Analgesia 59
Andrew J. Niehaus

Relevant Anatomy 59

Administering Epidural Anesthesia 63

References 72

5 General Anesthesia and Sedation 75
Andrew J. Niehaus

General Considerations 75

Venipuncture and IV Catheterization in Ruminants 76

Injectable Sedation and Anesthetic Drugs 81

General Anesthesia 86

Recovery 88

Regulatory Concerns in Food- Producing Animals 89

References 90

6 Perioperative Analgesia 91
Andrew J. Niehaus

Pain Management in Surgical Patients 91

Commonly Used Analgesics 92

References 94

Section II Surgery of Head and Neck 97

7 Cornuectomy 99
Andrew J.T. Muir

Indications and General Considerations 99

Basic Cornuectomy in Cattle 99

Surgical Technique 100

Postoperative Care 100

Surgical Cornuectomy in Cattle 101

Cornuectomy in Goats 103

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Cornuectomy in Cattle and Goats (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 104

Reference 104

8 Sinus Surgery in Cattle 105
Andrew J.T. Muir

Trephination of Sinuses in Cattle 105

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Sinus Surgery in Cattle (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 108

References 108

9 Dentistry 109
Andrew J.T. Muir

General Considerations 109

Routine Dental Examination 109

Clinical Signs of Odontopathy 111

Oral Tooth Extraction Technique 111

Surgical Removal of Mandibular Cheek Teeth 112

Surgical Removal of Maxillary Cheek Teeth 112

Lumpy Jaw Debulking 113

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Dentation Procedures in Ruminants (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 113

References 113

10 Tracheotomy in Cattle 115
Andrew J.T. Muir

Indications and General Considerations 115

Restraint 115

Presurgical Procedures 116

Anesthesia 116

Surgical Technique 116

Postoperative Care 117

Equipment and Supplies Needed for a Tracheotomy in Ruminants (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 117

11 Esophagotomy in Cattle 119
Andrew J.T. Muir

Indications and General Considerations 119

Anatomic Considerations 119

Restraint 119

Presurgical Procedures 119

Anesthesia 120

Surgical Technique 120

Postoperative Procedures 121

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Esophagotomy in Cattle (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 121

12 Surgery of the Eye and Adnexa 123
Joseph W. Lozier

Introduction 123

Keratectomy 124

Enucleation 124

Eyelid Masses 127

Nictitans Masses 128

Entropion Correction 128

Temporary Tarsorrhaphy 129

Nictitating Membrane Flap 129

References 130

Section III Abdominal and GI Surgery 131

13 Surgery of the Umbilicus 133
Joseph W. Lozier

Introduction 133

Umbilical Hernia 133

Treatment 134

Umbilical Infection 136

References 139

14 Laparotomy in Cattle 141
Brianna A. Jordan

Abdominal Surgery with a Flank Approach in Cattle 141

Exploratory Laparotomy 145

15 Surgery of Rumen 147
Joseph W. Lozier

Introduction 147

Rumenotomy 147

Rumenostomy 150

References 152

16 Pericardiotomy 153
Joseph W. Lozier

Introduction 153

Procedure 153

17 Abomasal Surgery 155
Joseph W. Lozier

Displaced Abomasum 155

Abomasotomy 162

References 163

18 Intestinal Surgery 165
Joseph W. Lozier

Introduction 165

Clinical Signs of Surgical Intestinal Lesions in Cattle 165

Diagnostics 166

Differentials 166

Supplies 166

Surgical Methods 167

References 168

19 Rectal Prolapse and Repair 169
Joseph W. Lozier

Factors That Predispose to Rectal Prolapse 169

Types of Rectal Prolapse 169

Treatment 169

Section IV Female Reproductive and Urogenital Surgery 173

20 Ovariectomy 175
Brianna A. Jordan

General Considerations 175

Indications 175

Surgical Approaches for cattle 175

Left Paralumbar Fossa Approach Ovariectomy in Cattle 177

Vaginal Approach Ovariectomy – Colpotomy in Cattle 178

Ovariectomy/Ovariohysterectomy in Miniature Pigs 180

References 183

21 Cesarean Section in Cows 185
Brianna A. Jordan

Indications and Considerations 185

Restraint Positions and Related Abdominal Incision Sites 186

Left and Right Paralumbar Fossa Approach with Standing Restraint 188

Ventral Midline Approach in Dorsal Recumbency 190

Ventrolateral Approach in Lateral Recumbency 192

References 194

22 Episiotomy 195
Brianna A. Jordan

Indications 195

General Considerations 195

Supplies 195

Anesthesia 195

Surgical Technique 195

23 Cesarean Section in Sheep and Goats 197
Brianna A. Jordan

Indications 197

General Considerations 197

Patient Positioning and Abdominal Incision Sites 197

Standing Restraint for a Paralumbar Fossa Incision 198

Ventrolateral Recumbency for a Paralumbar Fossa Incision 200

Dorsal Recumbency for a Ventral Midline Incision 201

References 202

24 Cesarean Section in Sows 203
Brianna A. Jordan

Indications 203

General Considerations 203

Restraint Positions and Related Abdominal Incision Sites 203

Presurgical Procedures 205

Anesthesia 205

Supplies 206

Surgical Procedures 206

Reference 209

25 Perineal Laceration Repair 211
Brianna A. Jordan

General Considerations 211

Supplies 211

Presurgical Procedures for Both Second- and Third- Degree Laceration Repairs 211

Anesthesia 212

Surgical Technique for Second- Degree Laceration Repair 212

Surgical Technique for Third- Degree Laceration Repair 212

Postoperative Care of Second- and Third- Degree Perineal Lacerations 214

References 214

26 Repair of Vaginal Prolapse in Cows 215
Brianna A. Jordan

General Considerations 215

Presurgical Procedures for All Methods 215

Anesthesia for All Methods 216

Supplies Needed for Vaginal Preparation 216

Buhner Suture 216

Modified Caslick’s Method 216

Modified Minchev Method (Vaginopexy) 218

Button and Pin 220

Cervicopexy and Vaginopexy 220

Reference 222

27 Teat and Udder Surgery 223
Andrew J. Niehaus

General Considerations 223

Basics Required for Successful Teat Surgery 223

Surgical Technique for Closure of Full- thickness Teat Defects 224

Procedures to Re- establish Milk Flow 229

Treatment of Leaky Teats 236

Teat Amputation 237

Amputation of the Udder or Portions of the Udder 239

References 245

28 Urethral Extension to Correct Urovagina 247
Brianna A. Jordan

General Considerations 247

Supplies 247

Presurgical Procedures 247

Anesthesia 248

Surgical Technique 248

Postoperative Care 250

Reference 250

Section V Male Reproductive and Urogenital Surgery 251

29 Castration 253
Andrew J.T. Muir

Castration 253

References 262

30 Surgery for Cryptorchidism, Ectopic Testicle, and Scirrhous Cord 263
Andrew J.T. Muir

Cryptorchidism 263

Surgery for Ectopic Testicle in Bulls 265

Scirrhous Cord Removal 265

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Cryptorchid Castration 267

Reference 267

31 Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 269
Andrew J.T. Muir

Inguinal Herniorrhaphy After Castration 269

Inguinal (Scrotal) Herniorrhaphy in Mature Bulls 270

Equipment and Supplies Needed Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 277

References 277

32 Penile and Preputial Surgery in Bulls 279
Andrew J.T. Muir

Classifications of Penile and Preputial Conditions 279

Phallorrhaphy: Correction of Ventral and Spiral Deviations 280

Surgery to Correct Persistent Frenulum 287

Surgery to Correct Hematoma of Penis in Bulls 288

Circumcision 290

Preputial Bandaging 293

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Preputial Bandaging 295

Preputial Resection and Anastomosis (“Reefing”) 295

Surgery to Correct Phimosis 297

Fibropapilloma Excision 298

Nonsurgical Treatment of Penile and Preputial Lacerations 298

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Penile Surgery 299

33 Preputial Diverticulectomy in Boars 301
Andrew J.T. Muir

Equipment Needed for Preputial Diverticulectomy (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 305

References 305

34 Surgical Preparation of Teaser Bulls, Boars, and Rams 307
Andrew J.T. Muir

General Considerations 307

Sel‎ected Surgical Procedures to Prevent Penile Intromission 308

Procedures to Block Sperm Flow 313

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Creation of Teaser Animals (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 316

Reference 316

35 Treatment of Urolithiasis 317
Andrew J.T. Muir

General Considerations 317

Urethral Process Amputation (Small Ruminants) 319

Urethrostomy 320

Tube Cystostomy 325

Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Tube Cystostomy in Small Ruminants 329

Urethral Catheterization via Perineal Urethrostomy 330

Urethrotomy 331

Surgery for Subcutaneous Abdominal Inflammation and Edema Caused by Urethral Rupture 333

Equipment and Supplies Needed for Treatment of Urolithiasis (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 333

Section VI Musculoskeletal Surgery 335

36 Ligament and Tendon Surgery 337
Joseph W. Lozier

Flexural Deformities 337

Flexor Tendon Laceration 338

Interosseus Muscle/Suspensory Ligament Rupture 339

Gastrocnemius/Achilles Tendon Rupture 339

Luxating Patella 339

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture 340

References 341

37 Foot and Claw Surgery 343
Brianna A. Jordan

Lameness 343

Hoof Trimming 343

Surgical Procedures 345

References 352

38 Joint Surgery 353
Brianna A. Jordan

Joint Effusion 353

Arthrocentesis 354

Joint Lavage 355

Arthrotomy 356

Arthroscopy 357

References 358

39 Surgery for Fractures and Luxations 359
Joseph W. Lozier

Introduction 359

Treatment Options 359

Management of Common Fractures 364

Coxofemoral Luxation 365

Distal Limb Luxations 367

Digital Subluxation 367

References 368

Index 371