Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health

List of Contributors ix

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Section 1 Impacts of Epidemiology 1

1 Epidemiology: Principles, Aims and Scope, Methods, Components and Application 3
Ismail A. Odetokun, Aminu Shittu, Akeem Adebola Bakare, Oluwadamilola Olawumi Abiodun-Adewusi, and Nma Bida Alhaji

2 Factors Influencing Livestock Diseases and Animal Productivity 33
Negin Esfandiari and Mohammadreza Najafi

3 Determinants of Disease, Adjustment of Rates, Trends and Emergence 41
Kollannur Davis Justin and Kadankandath Athira

4 Transmission, Maintenance of Infection, and Consequences of Disease 67
Shriya Rawat, Parul, Nishant Sharma, Barkha Sharma, Udit Jain, and Vipul Thakur

5 Ecology of Diseases, Hypothesis, and Life Table Technique and Its Application 81
Samuel U. Felix, Samuel C. Maureen, Simpson Monya, and Eshun A. Ama

6 Measures of Occurrence of Disease Pattern and Association 99
Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana

7 Animal Disease Surveillance, Survey Systems, and Associate Indices 107
Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana

8 Epidemiological Studies, Measures of Disease Frequency, and Mortality 117
Samuel U. Felix, Samuel C. Maureen, Simpson Monya, Mariam Yakubu, and Njideka Adeniyi

9 Animal Disease Alerts and Forecasting 135
Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana

10 Strategies of Disease Management: Prevention, Control, and On- farm Biosecurity 145
Harshit Saxena, Akhilesh Kumar, Varun Kumar Sarkar, Manav Kansal, and Kartikey Verma

11 Economic Impact on Animal Diseases 155
Justin Davis K, Athira K, and Javed Jameel A Copyrighted Material

12 International Laws and Regulations on Controlling Livestock Diseases 177
Bhavanam Sudhakara Reddy, Sirigireddy Sivajothi, and Kambala Swetha

13 Role of OIE in Global Trade in Animals and Animal Products 185
Somu Yogeshpriya and Tanmoy Rana

14 Comparative Epidemiological Studies 191
Maninder Singh and Jay P. Yadav

15 Clinical Trials, Diagnostic Testing, and Risk Analysis 197
Negin Esfandiari and Mohammadreza Najafi

16 Observational Studies 207
Ashemi Yusuf, Amitava Roy, and Tanmoy Rana

17 Nature of Data, Data Collection, and Management 215
Abbas Rabiu Ishaq

18 Systematic Reviews in Epidemiological Studies 229
Pratistha Shrivastava and Raghvendra Mishra

19 Statistical and Mathematical Modeling 245
Ashish C. Patel

20 Health Schemes and Its Importance 251
Sabhyata Sharma, Abhishek Pathak, Abhinav Meena, and Sandeep Kumar

21 Animal Health, Management, and Nutritional Epidemiology 261
Amitava Roy, Tanmoy Rana, and Arkaprabha Shee

22 Vaccines and Vaccination 271
J. Jyothi and M. Bhavya Sree

Section 2 Impact of Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary and Public Health 277

23 Aims, Scope, Administration, and Importance of Veterinary Public Health 279
Chandra Shekhar

24 Role of Veterinarians in Public Health 287
Pratistha Shrivastava, Simant Kumar Sahoo, and K.M. Venkatesh

25 One Health Concept and Initiatives in Veterinary Public Health 299
Naveen Kumar, Amit Kumar, Dinesh Mittal, and Manesh Kumar

26 Sources and Hazardous Effects of Environmental Contaminants 309
Atul Kumar and Anil Patyal

27 General Aspects of Environmental Hygiene 321
Udit Jain, Faizan ul Haque Nagrami, Vijay Laxmi Tripathi, Parul, Barkha Sharma, Shweta Sharma, Parul Singh, and Shikhar Karan Verma

28 Natural Resources: Definition, Types, Examples, Uses, and Abuses 329
Udit Jain, Faizan ul Haque Nagrami, Barkha Sharma, Priyambada, Parul, and Uma Sharma

29 Epidemiology and Environmental Health in Veterinary Medicine 339
J. Jyothi and M. Bhavya Sree

30 Precision Livestock Farming and Its Advantage to the Environment 343
Amitava Roy and Tanmoy Rana

31 Biodiversity: Concept, Pattern, Importance, Threats, and Conservation 349
Jitendrakumar Nayak, Varun Asediya, Santanu Pal, and Pranav Anjaria

32 Definition, Scope, Characteristics, and Importance of Ecosystems 365
Udit Jain, Faizan ul Haque Nagrami, Barkha Sharma, Parul, and Uma Sharma

33 Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Soil, Marine, and Thermal Pollution 385
Parul, Udit Jain, Barkha Sharma, Anuj Kumar, Renu Singh, and Sanjay Bharti

34 Environmental Pollution Effect on Animal and Human Health 393
Goverdhan Singh, Balram Yadav, and Vivek Agrawal

35 Rural and Urban Pollution 405
Mona Abdelghany Nasr and Nourhan Eissa

36 Global Warming and Green House Effect: Impact of Climate Change, Protocol, Treaties and Convention 415
Baleshwari Dixit, Sulochana Sen, and Rajesh Kumar Vandre

37 Environmental Enrichment and Welfare of Animals 427
Deepak Nelagonda, Ramadevi Pampana, and Manoj Kumar Karanam

38 Basics of Water Supply, Quality, and Purification 439
Nourhan Eissa and Mona Abdelghany Nasr

39 Type, Cause, Effects, Control Methods of Noise Pollution 451
Baleshwari Dixit, Sapna Sharma, Ranvijay Singh, and Serlene Tomar

40 Environmental Contamination and Food Chain Bioaccumulation 461
Kaushik Satyaprakash, Annada Das, Dipanwita Bhattacharya, and Souti Prasad Sarkhel

41 Principles and Issues of Environmental Protection 477
Baleshwari Dixit, Neelam Kurmi, Sapna Sharma, Serlene Tomar, and Yamini Verma

42 Challenges of Emergency Animal Management During Disasters 487
Javed Jameel A, Justin Davis K, and Athira K

43 Sources of Air Pollution in Animal Houses and Its Consequences 497
Parul Singh, Barkha Sharma, Udit Jain, Renu Singh, Sanjay Bharti, and Meena Goswami

44 Farm Waste and Sewage Disposal 505
Jaysukh B. Kathiriya and Bhavesh J. Trangadia

45 Biomedical Waste Management 523
Gungi Saritha

46 General Hygiene, Sanitation, and Disinfection of Animal Housing and Hospital Environment 537
Jay P. Yadav, Sivakumar Mani, and Maninder Singh

47 Management of Stray, Fallen Animals and Carcass Disposal 551
Poornima Gumasta, Narendra Kumar, Mahmuda Malik, and Diptimayee Sahoo

48 Vector and Reservoir Control in Veterinary Public Health 557
Jitendrakumar Nayak, Santanu Pal, Pranav Anjaria, and Varun Asediya

49 Principles of General Disease Prevention and Control Measures 569
Jitendrakumar Nayak, Manasi Soni, Pranav Anjaria, and Manubhai N. Brahmbhatt

50 Accident Prevention for Animal Well-being 581
Abbas Rabiu Ishaq

51 Maintenance of Industrial Hygiene 593
Mona Abdelghany Nasr and Nourhan Eissa

52 Environmental Planning, Monitoring, and Management 599
Jaysukh Kathiriya and Bhavesh J. Trangadia

Index 615