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Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner

Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner

9781119730170
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Description
Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner

Practical guide to using color flow and spectral Doppler in interpreting echocardiographic findings in veterinary practice

Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner provides a clinically oriented quick reference to using color flow and spectral Doppler to interpret echocardiographic findings, enabling readers to learn and apply these techniques and acquire background knowledge of technical factors affecting diagnostic color and spectral Doppler. Practically, the text also serves as a quick checklist for the Doppler features of commonly acquired cardiac diseases in the dog and cat. To aid in reader comprehension, the text contains color images and video clips to support the descriptions.

This handbook is not intended as a comprehensive explanation of the echocardiographic features associated with heart disease in animals. Rather, it is intended as the next step for the general practitioner and the non-cardiac specialist that have learned to acquire diagnostic 2D and M-Mode echocardiographic studies.

Written by a highly experienced professionals with nearly 40 years of experience in the field of veterinary echocardiography, sample topics covered in Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner include::

  • Doppler principles as they apply to accuracy and evaluation of the color flow and spectral Doppler examination
  • Imaging planes required for accurate evaluation of flows in the heart and an explanation of and application of Doppler pressure gradients
  • Interpretation of color flow signals and common Doppler features of the most frequently acquired heart diseases in dogs and cats
  • Specific intricacies of the field, including isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and imaging planes techniques of the mitral valve and aorta

Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner is a highly valuable resource and practical guide for all professionals in the field who have learned to acquire diagnostic 2D and M-Mode echocardiographic studies and now need to understand how to learn and apply these techniques in a myriad of practical applications.

Product Details
Wiley-Blackwell
93913
9781119730170

Data sheet

Publication date
2022
Issue number
1
Cover
paperback
Pages count
128
Dimensions (mm)
172 x 249

  • Preface xi

    About the Companion Website xiii

    1 The Basics:: What You Need to Know 1

    Doppler Principles as They Apply to Accuracy and Quality of the Exam 1

    Doppler shift 1

    Types of Doppler 2

    Advantages and disadvantages of each type of Doppler 4

    The spectral display 4

    The color display 6

    Nyquist limit and aliasing 8

    Accuracy of spectral flow information 12

    Optimizing Doppler Displays 14

    Color flow 14

    Spectral Doppler 19

    Laminar and Turbulent Flow 21

    Normal laminar flow 21

    Turbulent flow 21

    Causes of spectral broadening 22

    2 The Doppler Examination 23

    Spectral Doppler 23

    Normal spectral flows in the heart 23

    Mitral valve 23

    Aorta and LVOT 26

    Pulmonary artery and RVOT 27

    Left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) 31

    Pulmonary venous flow 32

    Left auricular flow 32

    Color Flow Doppler 37

    Normal color flow in the heart 37

    Mitral valve 37

    Aorta 38

    Pulmonary artery 43

    Tricuspid valve 47

    3 Applications 55

    Pressure Gradients (PGs) 55

    PG meaning 55

    Normal pressures in the heart and vessels 55

    Bernoulli equation 55

    Modified equation 55

    How can blood flow when pressures in the ventricles and great vessels are the same?  57

    Factors Affecting Flow Velocities 57

    Volume 57

    Narrowed pathway 57

    Pressure 57

    Limitations of the simplified Bernoulli equation 59

    Common Applications of PG in Acquired Heart Disease 59

    Using mitral regurgitation 59

    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 62

    Pulmonary hypertension 63

    Diastolic Function and Doppler 66

    Definitions 66

    Classes of diastolic dysfunction 66

    Overview of diastolic function 72

    4 Doppler Features in Common Acquired Cardiac Diseases 77

    Chronic Valve Disease 77

    2D and M-mode features 77

    Color flow evaluation 77

    Spectral Doppler 80

    Dilated Cardiomyopathy 82

    2D and M-mode features 82

    Color flow evaluation 84

    Spectral Doppler 84

    Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy 84

    2D and M-mode features 84

    Color flow evaluation 85

    Spectral Doppler 87

    Diastolic function 88

    Dynamic Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (DRVOTO) 88

    2D and M-mode features 88

    Color flow evaluation 90

    Spectral Doppler 90

    Nonspecific Cardiomyopathy 90

    2D and M-mode features 90

    These result in diminishing systolic function 90

    Color flow evaluation 90

    Spectral Doppler 91

    Pulmonary Hypertension 92

    2D and M-mode features 92

    Color flow evaluation 93

    Spectral Doppler 93

    Appendix 1 Spectral Doppler Reference Ranges for the Dog and Cat 99

    Appendix 2 Abbreviations 103

    Recommended Reading 105

    Index 107

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