Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology

Preface xv

1 Ocular Anatomy 1

Fig. 1.1 Eye anatomy 2

Fig. 1.2 Eyelid 5

2 The Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics 7

Fig. 2.1 Ophthalmic examination equipment 8

Fig. 2.2 Ophthalmic examination 10

Fig. 2.3 Ophthalmic examination in a horse 11

Fig. 2.4 Nasolacrimal patency 12

Fig. 2.5 Microbiologic culture and susceptibility testing 13

Fig. 2.6 Cytology 14

Fig. 2.7 Ophthalmic stains 15

Fig. 2.8 Slit lamp biomicroscopy 17

Fig. 2.9 Intraocular pressure 18

Fig. 2.10 Gonioscopy 19

Fig. 2.11 Ophthalmoscopy 20

3 Clinical Signs and Their Interpretations 25

Fig. 3.1 Blepharospasm 26

Fig. 3.2 Epiphora 27

Fig. 3.3 Exophthalmos/enophthalmos/strabismus 27

Fig. 3.4 Microphthalmia/phthisis bulbus/buphthalmos 29

Fig. 3.5 Conjunctival hyperemia 30

Fig. 3.6 Iridocyclitis 32

Fig. 3.7 Episcleral venous congestion 33

Fig. 3.8 Corneal edema 34

Fig. 3.9 Corneal ulceration/vascularization 36

Fig. 3.10 Corneal pigmentation 38

Fig. 3.11 Corneal cellular infiltrate 38

Fig. 3.12 Sequestrum 40

Fig. 3.13 Corneal fibrosis 41

Fig. 3.14 Corneal lipidosis 42

Fig. 3.15 Hemorrhages 43

Fig. 3.16 Opacity in the anterior chamber 45

Fig. 3.17 Mydriasis/miosis 46

Fig. 3.18 Posterior synechiae 47

Fig. 3.19 Rubeosis irides 48

Fig. 3.20 Acute chorioretinal inflammations 50

Fig. 3.21 Chronic chorioretinal inflammation 50

4 Canine Orbit 53

Fig. 4.1 Microphthalmia 54

Fig. 4.2 Acute orbital cellulitis/retrobulbar abscess 55

Fig. 4.3 Zygomatic salivary mucocele 56

Fig. 4.4 Acute masticatory myositis 57

Fig. 4.5 Bilateral polymyositis 58

Fig. 4.6 Microphthalmos/strabismus 59

Fig. 4.7 Traumatic proptosis 60

Fig. 4.8 Orbital trauma 62

Fig. 4.9 Craniomandibular osteopathy 62

Fig. 4.10 Orbital masses 63

Fig. 4.11 Enucleation 64

Fig. 4.12 Intraocular silicone prosthesis 65

Fig. 4.13 Phthisis bulbus 66

5 Canine Eyelids 67

Fig. 5.1 Ankyloblepharon 68

Fig. 5.2 Eyelid agenesis 68

Fig. 5.3 Dermoid 68

Fig. 5.4 Blepharophimosis 69

Fig. 5.5 Euryblepharon 69

Fig. 5.6 “V” notch in the central lower eyelid 70

Fig. 5.7 Entropion 71

Fig. 5.8 Ectropion 73

Fig. 5.9 Combined entropion–ectropion 74

Fig. 5.10 Distichia 75

Fig. 5.11 Ectopic cilia 76

Fig. 5.12 Trichomegaly 76

Fig. 5.13 Trichiasis 76

Fig. 5.14 Eyelid laceration 77

Fig. 5.15 Pyoderma blepharitis 78

Fig. 5.16 Sarcoptic mange 78

Fig. 5.17 Immune-mediated blepharitis 79

Fig. 5.18 Pyogranulomatous blepharitis 79

Fig. 5.19 Uveodermatologic syndrome 80

Fig. 5.20 Meibomianitis 81

Fig. 5.21 Hordeolum/chalazion 82

Fig. 5.22 Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis 82

Fig. 5.23 Adenoma of the meibomian gland 83

Fig. 5.24 Melanoma of the lower eyelid 84

Fig. 5.25 Squamous cell carcinoma/mast cell tumor 84

Fig. 5.26 Histiocytoma 85

Fig. 5.27 Oral papillomatosis 85

6 Canine Tear and Nasolacrimal Systems 87

Fig. 6.1 Acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca 88

Fig. 6.2 Chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca 90

Fig. 6.3 Sequelae of acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca 91

Fig. 6.4 Qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca 92

Fig. 6.5 Entropion 93

Fig. 6.6 Acute dacryocystitis 93

Fig. 6.7 Longer term dacryocystitis 94

Fig. 6.8 Dacryocele/dacryops 95

7 Canine Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane (Nictitans) 97

Fig. 7.1 Encircling nictitans 98

Fig. 7.2 Dermoid of the lateral bulbar conjunctiva 98

Fig. 7.3 Everted cartilage 99

Fig. 7.4 Prolapse of nictitans tear glands 100

Fig. 7.5 Bilateral protrusion of the nictitans 101

Fig. 7.6 Plasma cell infiltration of the nictitans 101

Fig. 7.7 Foreign bodies in the nictitans 102

Fig. 7.8 Primary neoplasms of the nictitans 103

Fig. 7.9 Conjunctivitis 104

Fig. 7.10 Follicular conjunctivitis 105

Fig. 7.11 Chemosis of the conjunctiva 106

Fig. 7.12 Subconjunctival hemorrhage 107

Fig. 7.13 Non-neoplastic inflammatory masses of the conjunctivas and nictitans 108

Fig. 7.14 Neoplasms of the canine conjunctiva 109

8 Canine Cornea and Sclera 111

Fig. 8.1 Corneoconjunctival dermoid 112

Fig. 8.2 Ocular dysgenesis 112

Fig. 8.3 Persistent pupillary membranes 113

Fig. 8.4 Corneal erosion 114

Fig. 8.5 Corneal ulcer 115

Fig. 8.6 Central corneal ulcer 118

Fig. 8.7 Fungal keratitis 120

Fig. 8.8 Pigmentary keratitis 121

Fig. 8.9 Chronic superficial keratitis 122

Fig. 8.10 Neuroparalytic keratitis 124

Fig. 8.11 Neurotropic keratitis 125

Fig. 8.12 Keratitis 125

Fig. 8.13 Florida keratopathy 128

Fig. 8.14 Corneal laceration 128

Fig. 8.15 Corneal foreign bodies 130

Fig. 8.16 Corneal stromal dystrophies 132

Fig. 8.17 Endothelial corneal dystrophy 133

Fig. 8.18 Corneal degeneration 135

Fig. 8.19 Corneal cyst 137

Fig. 8.20 Limbal melanoma 138

Fig. 8.21 Scleral and conjunctival icterus 138

Fig. 8.22 Staphyloma 139

Fig. 8.23 Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis 139

9 Canine Glaucomas 143

Fig. 9.1 Optic nerve head and primary open angle glaucoma 144

Fig. 9.2 Optic nerve head changes in primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma 144

Fig. 9.3 Congenital glaucoma 145

Fig. 9.4 Congenital glaucoma 145

Fig. 9.5 Primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma 146

Fig. 9.6 Primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma with pectinate ligament dysplasia 148

Fig. 9.7 Primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma and globe enlargement 150

Fig. 9.8 Lens luxations or displacements 151

Fig. 9.9 Cataract formation, resorption, lens-induced uveitis, and glaucoma 153

Fig. 9.10 Chronic uveitis/uveal cysts syndrome 155

Fig. 9.11 Secondary aphakic/pseudophakic glaucoma 157

Fig. 9.12 Traumatic glaucoma 157

Fig. 9.13 Secondary glaucoma from intraocular hemorrhage 158

Fig. 9.14 Pigmentary glaucoma 158

Fig. 9.15 Secondary glaucoma and malignant melanoma of the ciliary body 159

Fig. 9.16 Secondary glaucoma and ciliary body primary adenocarcinoma 159

Fig. 9.17 Secondary glaucoma and metastatic nasal adenocarcinoma 160

Fig. 9.18 Glaucoma secondary to anterior uveitis and lymphoma 160

Fig. 9.19 Glaucoma secondary to anterior uveitis and lymphoma 160

Fig. 9.20 Surgical and laser treatment for canine glaucoma 161

10 Canine Anterior Uvea 163

Fig. 10.1 Heterochromia iridis 164

Fig. 10.2 Merle ocular dysgenesis 165

Fig. 10.3 Persistent pupillary membranes 166

Fig. 10.4 Iridal nests 167

Fig. 10.5 Iridal coloboma 167

Fig. 10.6 Acute iridocyclitis 168

Fig. 10.7 Uveodermatologic syndrome/chronic anterior uveitis 170

Fig. 10.8 Anterior uveitis following rickettsial infestation 171

Fig. 10.9 Iridocyclitis following heartworm infestation 171

Fig. 10.10 Anterior uveitis secondary to infectious canine hepatitis 172

Fig. 10.11 Mycotic iridocyclitis and chorioretinitis 173

Fig. 10.12 Iridocyclitis and cataract 174

Fig. 10.13 Pigmentary uveitis 175

Fig. 10.14 Uveodermatologic syndrome 176

Fig. 10.15 Senile iris atrophy 178

Fig. 10.16 Anterior uveal trauma 179

Fig. 10.17 Hyphema 180

Fig. 10.18 Melanoma 182

Fig. 10.19 Ciliary body adenoma/adenocarcinoma 184

Fig. 10.20 Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the ciliary body 185

Fig. 10.21 Lymphoma 185

11 Canine Lens and Cataract Formation 187

Fig. 11.1 Microphakia 188

Fig. 11.2 Lens coloboma 188

Fig. 11.3 Lenticonus 188

Fig. 11.4 Persistent pupillary membranes leading to cataract 189

Fig. 11.5 Persistent hyaloid and posterior cataracts 190

Fig. 11.6 Cataract formation 191

Fig. 11.7 Nuclear sclerosis of the lens 192

Fig. 11.8 Cataract formation classified by stage of maturity 193

Fig. 11.9 Age of onset and area(s) or region of the lens first involved in cataract formation 196

Fig. 11.10 Diabetic cataract 199

Fig. 11.11 Cataract secondary to inflammation 200

Fig. 11.12 Lens injury following penetrating or blunt trauma 201

Fig. 11.13 Resorbing hypermature cataract 201

Fig. 11.14 Lens subluxation 204

Fig. 11.15 Anterior lens luxation 205

Fig. 11.16 Posterior lens luxation 206

Fig. 11.17 Intraocular lens placement after lens extraction 207

12 Canine Vitreous 209

Fig. 12.1 Hyaloid remnants 210

Fig. 12.2 Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis 210

Fig. 12.3 Asteroid hyalosis 211

Fig. 12.4 Vitritis following infection 213

Fig. 12.5 Vitreal hemorrhage 214

13 Canine Ocular Fundus and Optic Nerve 215

Fig. 13.1 Normal variations of the ocular fundus and optic nerve head or disc 216

Fig. 13.2 Collie eye anomaly 217

Fig. 13.3 Retinal dysplasia 219

Fig. 13.4 Progressive retinal atrophy 221

Fig. 13.5 Retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy 223

Fig. 13.6 Inflammations of the retina and choroid 224

Fig. 13.7 Sudden acquired retinal degeneration 225

Fig. 13.8 Ophthalmic manifestations of systemic hypertension 226

Fig. 13.9 Lipemia retinalis 227

Fig. 13.10 Hyperviscosity syndrome 227

Fig. 13.11 Retinal detachment 229

Fig. 13.12 Granulomatous meningoencephalitis 230

Fig. 13.13 Neoplasms of the ocular fundus 231

Fig. 13.14 Optic nerve head disease 231

Fig. 13.15 Micropapilla 232

Fig. 13.16 Optic nerve hypoplasia 232

Fig. 13.17 Optic nerve coloboma 233

Fig. 13.18 Papilledema associated with orbital neoplasm 234

Fig. 13.19 Optic neuritis 234

Fig. 13.20 Optic nerve atrophy 235

14 Feline Ophthalmology 237

Fig. 14.1 Microphthalmia/symblepharon 238

Fig. 14.2 Proptosis 238

Fig. 14.3 Orbital cellulitis 239

Fig. 14.4 Orbital neoplasms 240

Fig. 14.5 Eyelid agenesis 241

Fig. 14.6 Entropion 243

Fig. 14.7 Blepharitis 243

Fig. 14.8 Eyelid neoplasia 244

Fig. 14.9 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 246

Fig. 14.10 Ophthalmic manifestations of feline herpesvirus-1 247

Fig. 14.11 Recurrent feline herpesvirus-1 conjunctivitis 248

Fig. 14.12 Chlamydia conjunctivitis 248

Fig. 14.13 Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis 249

Fig. 14.14 Symblepharon 250

Fig. 14.15 Lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis 250

Fig. 14.16 Corneal ulceration following feline herpesvirus-1 infection 251

Fig. 14.17 Feline herpesvirus-1 stromal keratitis 252

Fig. 14.18 Corneal sequestration and corneal ulceration 252

Fig. 14.19 Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis 254

Fig. 14.20 Florida keratopathy 255

Fig. 14.21 Bullous keratopathy 255

Fig. 14.22 Limbal melanoma/conjunctival lymphoma 256

Fig. 14.23 Heterochromia iridis 256

Fig. 14.24 Persistent pupillary membranes 257

Fig. 14.25 Iridocyclitis or anterior uveitis 258

Fig. 14.26 Anterior uveitis in a cat with infectious peritonitis 259

Fig. 14.27 Anterior uveitis in a cat with feline leukemia 260

Fig. 14.28 Panuveitis caused by feline immunodeficiency virus 261

Fig. 14.29 Chronic panuveitis caused by toxoplasmosis 262

Fig. 14.30 Ophthalmic trauma 263

Fig. 14.31 Diffuse iridal melanoma 264

Fig. 14.32 Anterior uveal melanomas 266

Fig. 14.33 Ciliary body adenocarcinoma 267

Fig. 14.34 Trauma-associated sarcoma 268

Fig. 14.35 Ophthalmic manifestations of systemic lymphoma 268

Fig. 14.36 Bilateral congenital glaucoma 269

Fig. 14.37 Ophthalmic manifestations of primary glaucomas 270

Fig. 14.38 Aqueous misdirection 271

Fig. 14.39 Anterior lens luxation 272

Fig. 14.40 Cataracts 273

Fig. 14.41 Primary cataracts 274

Fig. 14.42 Secondary cataracts 275

Fig. 14.43 Normal feline ocular fundus 276

Fig. 14.44 Retinal dysplasia 277

Fig. 14.45 Taurine retinopathy 277

Fig. 14.46 Rod–cone dysplasia/rod–cone dystrophy 278

Fig. 14.47 Chorioretinitis 278

Fig. 14.48 Chorioretinitis secondary to cryptococcosis 280

Fig. 14.49 Hypertensive retinopathy 281

Fig. 14.50 Retinal degeneration 282

Fig. 14.51 Ocular ophthalmomyiasis 283

Fig. 14.52 Retinal detachments 284

15 Equine Ophthalmology 285

Fig. 15.1 Microphthalmia 286

Fig. 15.2 Strabismus 286

Fig. 15.3 Entropion 286

Fig. 15.4 Pigmented dermoid 287

Fig. 15.5 Nasolacrimal duct atresia 288

Fig. 15.6 Heterochromia iridis/iris hypoplasia 289

Fig. 15.7 Congenital glaucoma and lens subluxation 290

Fig. 15.8 Iridocyclitis 290

Fig. 15.9 Congenital cataract 291

Fig. 15.10 Optic nerve hypoplasia 292

Fig. 15.11 Orbit cellulitis 292

Fig. 15.12 Orbital trauma 293

Fig. 15.13 Orbital tumors 294

Fig. 15.14 Phthisis bulbus 295

Fig. 15.15 Eyelid laceration 295

Fig. 15.16 Squamous cell carcinoma 295

Fig. 15.17 Sarcoid 297

Fig. 15.18 Melanoma 298

Fig. 15.19 Corpora nigra cyst 299

Fig. 15.20 Duct obstruction 300

Fig. 15.21 Dacryocystitis and secondary conjunctivitis 300

Fig. 15.22 Habronemiasis 301

Fig. 15.23 Corneal ulceration 301

Fig. 15.24 Corneal stromal abscess 305

Fig. 15.25 Herpes viral keratitis 306

Fig. 15.26 Corneal lacerations 306

Fig. 15.27 Eosinophilic keratitis 307

Fig. 15.28 Traumatic hyphema 308

Fig. 15.29 Acute equine recurrent uveitis 309

Fig. 15.30 Chronic equine recurrent uveitis 309

Fig. 15.31 Chronic equine recurrent uveitis and secondary cataract 310

Fig. 15.32 Glaucoma 310

Fig. 15.33 Acquired cataracts 311

Fig. 15.34 Lens subluxation 312

Fig. 15.35 Treatment after phacoemulsification 313

Fig. 15.36 Normal ocular fundus of the horse 314

Fig. 15.37 Chorioretinitis 315

Fig. 15.38 Retinal detachment 315

Fig. 15.39 Optic disc degeneration 315

Fig. 15.40 Ophthalmic manifestations of proliferative neuropathy 316

Fig. 15.41 Ischemic neuroretinopathy 316

16 Food and Fiber Animal Ophthalmology 317

Fig. 16.1 Microphthalmia in a goat 318

Fig. 16.2 Strabismus in cattle 318

Fig. 16.3 Orbital neoplasia in cattle 319

Fig. 16.4 Corneoconjunctival dermoid 320

Fig. 16.5 Entropion in sheep 320

Fig. 16.6 Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in a ram 320

Fig. 16.7 Mycoplasmal infectious keratoconjunctivitis in a goat 321

Fig. 16.8 Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis 322

Fig. 16.9 Squamous cell carcinoma in cattle 323

Fig. 16.10 Persistent pupillary membranes and pigmented anterior capsular cataract in a cow 325

Fig. 16.11 Albinism and heterochromia iridis 326

Fig. 16.12 Heterochromia iridis in pigs 326

Fig. 16.13 Iridocyclitis in a cow secondary to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 327

Fig. 16.14 Secondary glaucoma secondary to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis 327

Fig. 16.15 Congenital cataract 327

Fig. 16.16 Cataract secondary to anterior uveitis 328

Fig. 16.17 Normal ocular fundus of the cow/sheep/goat/pig 328

Fig. 16.18 Typical or ventral optic nerve head coloboma 330

Fig. 16.19 Ocular fundus inflammation associated with systemic infectious diseases 331

Fig. 16.20 Nutritional retinal degeneration 331

Fig. 16.21 Vitamin A deficiency 332

Fig. 16.22 Normal eye and ophthalmic disease in alpaca and llama 333

17 Ophthalmology in Exotic Pets 337

Fig. 17.1 Diseases of the snake spectacle 338

Fig. 17.2 Ophthalmic trauma in raptors 339

Fig. 17.3 Exophthalmos in a rabbit 341

Fig. 17.4 Entropion in a rabbit 341

Fig. 17.5 Dacryocystitis and an obstructed nasolacrimal duct in a rabbit 342

Fig. 17.6 Blepharoconjunctivitis in a rabbit 342

Fig. 17.7 Pasteurella conjunctivitis in a rabbit 344

Fig. 17.8 Conjunctival overgrowth in a rabbit 344

Fig. 17.9 Prolapse of the nictitans and its glands in a rabbit 345

Fig. 17.10 Superficial corneal ulcer in a rabbit 346

Fig. 17.11 Anterior uveitis in a rabbit 346

Fig. 17.12 Inherited congenital glaucoma 347

Fig. 17.13 Congenital glaucomas in rabbits 347

Fig. 17.14 Normal rabbit ocular fundus 348

Fig. 17.15 Cataract formation in ferrets 349

Fig. 17.16 Bilateral exophthalmos and elevated nictitans in a ferret 349

18 Systemic Diseases with Ophthalmic Manifestations 351

Fig. 18.1 Merle ocular dysgenesis 352

Fig. 18.2 Oculoskeletal dysplasia 352

Fig. 18.3 Hydrocephalus 352

Fig. 18.4 Ocular sequelae of canine distemper 353

Fig. 18.5 Ocular signs of infectious canine hepatitis 354

Fig. 18.6 Focal papilloma 354

Fig. 18.7 Hemorrhage caused by Rocky Mountain spotted fever 354

Fig. 18.8 Canine brucellosis 355

Fig. 18.9 Mycotic infections or dermatophytosis affecting the eyelids 356

Fig. 18.10 Blastomycosis 357

Fig. 18.11 Coccidioidomycosis 357

Fig. 18.12 Histoplasmosis 358

Fig. 18.13 Cryptococcosis 358

Fig. 18.14 Ocular aspergillosis 359

Fig. 18.15 Ocular sequelae of toxoplasmosis 359

Fig. 18.16 Ocular sequelae of leishmaniasis 360

Fig. 18.17 Ocular sequelae of protothecosis 361

Fig. 18.18 Intraocular heartworm infestation in the dog 362

Fig. 18.19 Ophthalmomyiasis interna 362

Fig. 18.20 Demodex dermatitis 362

Fig. 18.21 Diabetic cataracts 363

Fig. 18.22 Ocular signs of systemic hypertension 363

Fig. 18.23 Ocular signs of hyperlipidemia 365

Fig. 18.24 Retinal hemorrhage 366

Fig. 18.25 Ocular sequelae of renal failure 366

Fig. 18.26 Uveodermal syndrome 366

Fig. 18.27 Ocular sequelae of uveodermal syndrome 367

Fig. 18.28 Ocular sequelae of lymphoma 367

Fig. 18.29 Ocular sequelae of feline herpesvirus 369

Fig. 18.30 Chlamydophila conjunctivitis 370

Fig. 18.31 Chorioretinitis caused by feline infectious peritonitis 371

Fig. 18.32 Anterior uveitis caused by feline immunodeficiency virus 372

Fig. 18.33 Anterior uveitis in a cat secondary to toxoplasmosis 372

Fig. 18.34 Ocular sequelae of feline leukemia virus 373

Fig. 18.35 Cryptococcosis chorioretinitis 373

Fig. 18.36 Feline panleukopenia 374

Fig. 18.37 Ocular signs of systemic hypertension 375

Fig. 18.38 Ocular anomalies in horses related to coat color 375

Fig. 18.39 Habronemiasis 376

Fig. 18.40 West Nile fever and facial nerve paralysis 377

Fig. 18.41 Conjunctival lymphoma 378

Fig. 18.42 Microphthalmos 378

Fig. 18.43 Ophthalmic anomalies of bovine viral diarrhea 378

Fig. 18.44 Ophthalmic anomalies of systemic infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 379

Fig. 18.45 Secondary chorioretinitis 379

19 Neuro-ophthalmic Syndromes 381

Fig. 19.1 Horner’s syndrome in the dog/cat 382

Fig. 19.2 Horner’s syndrome in the horse 383

Fig. 19.3 Facial nerve paralysis and neuroparalytic keratitis 383

Fig. 19.4 Hemifacial spasms 384

Fig. 19.5 Neurotropic keratitis and fifth nerve paralysis 385

Fig. 19.6 Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca 386

Fig. 19.7 Feline hemidilated pupil 386

Fig. 19.8 Haw’s syndrome 387

Fig. 19.9 Feline strabismus or esotropia 388

Fig. 19.10 Fibrosing strabismus 388

Fig. 19.11 Lateral/unilateral strabismus 389

Fig. 19.12 Convergence strabismus or esotropia 390

Fig. 19.13 Bovine strabismus 390

Fig. 19.14 Internal ophthalmoplegia or cavernous sinus syndrome 391

Appendix A:: Glossary – Frequently Used Veterinary Ophthalmology Terms 393

Appendix B:: Eye Diseases in the Brachycephalic Breeds 399

Appendix C:: Inherited Cataracts in the Dog, Parts 1 and 2 401

Index 403