The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Urinary System

• Section 1 - ANATOMY OF THE URINARY TRACT

• Kidney: Position and Relations (Anterior View)

Kidney: Position and Relations (Posterior View)

Kidney: Position and Relations (Transverse Sections)

Kidney: Gross Structure

Renal Fascia

Ureters: Position, Relations, Gross Structure

Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Male)

Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Female)

Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Coronal Cross-Section)

Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery and Vein In Situ

Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery Segmental Branches and Intrarenal Arteries

Renal Vasculature: Variations in Renal Artery and Vein

Vasculature of Ureters and Bladder

Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder

Innervation Pathways of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter

Innervation Pathways of the Ureter and Bladder

Lymphatics of Urinary System

Overview of the Nephron

Renal Microvascualture

Glomerulus: Structure and Histology

Glomerulus Fine Structure

Glomerulus: Electron Microscopy

Proximal Tubule

Thin Limb

Distal Tubule

Collecting Duct

Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder

Section 2 - Normal and Abnormal Development

Development of Kidney

Development of Kidney: Nephron Formation

Development of Bladder and Ureter: Formation of the Cloaca

Development of Bladder and Ureter: Septation, Incorporation of Ureters, and Maturation

Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Normal Renal Ascent and Pelvic Kidney

Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney

Renal Rotation and Malrotation

Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Bilateral Renal Agenesis

Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Unilateral Renal Agenesis

Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Supernumerary Kidney

Renal Fusion

Renal Dysplasia

Renal Hypoplasia

Simple Cysts

Polycystic Kidney Disease: Gross Appearance

Polycystic Kidney Disease: Radiographic Findings

Medullary Sponge Kidney

Nephronophthisis / Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex

Retrocaval Ureter: Radiographic Findings and Laparoscopic Repair

Retrocaval Ureter: Normal Development of the Inferior Vena Cava

Vesicoureteral Reflux: Mechanism and Grading

Vesicoureteral Reflux: Voiding Cystourethrograms

Ureteral Duplication: Complete

Ureteral Duplication: Incomplete

Ectopic Ureter

Ureterocele: Gross and Fine Appearance

Ureterocele: Radiographic Findings

Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Abdominal Wall

Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder

Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Epispadias

Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Bladder Exstrophy

Bladder Duplication and Septation

Anomalies of the Urachus

Posterior Urethral Valves: Gross Appearance

Posterior Urethral Valves: Radiographic Findings

Section 3 - Physiology

Basic Functions and Homeostasis

Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation

Secretion and Reabsorption: Tubular Reabsorption and Saturation Kinetics

Secretion and Reabsorption: Fractional Excretion (Clearance Ratios)

Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption

Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Contraction

Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Expansion

Renal Handling of Potassium

Renal Handling of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium

Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 1

Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 2

Countercurrent Multiplication: Models to Demonstrate Principle of Countercurrent Exchange System of Vasa Recta in Minimizing Dissipation of Medullary Osmotic Gradient

Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Present)

Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Absent)

Antidiuretic Hormone

Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Modulation of Renin Release

Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Acid Base Balance: Roles of Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys in Acid-Base Handling

Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Reabsorption

Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Synthesis and Proton Excretion

Acid Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis

Additional Functions of Erythropoiesis and Vitamin D

Renal Tubular Acidosis: Proximal

Renal Tubular Acidosis: Classic Distal

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Diabetes Insipidus

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Major Causes and Symptoms

Section 4 - Renal Diseases

Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Causes

Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Urine Findings

Acute Tubular Necrosis: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features

Acute Tubular Necrosis: Histopathological Findings

Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology

Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes

Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Presentation and Diagnosis

Minimal Change Disease: Causes and Presentation

Minimal Change Disease: Histopathology

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Causes, Clinical Features, and Histopathological Findings

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)

Membranous Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features

Membranous Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings

Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Features and Histopathological Findings

Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)

IgA Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features

IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings

IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings (Continued)

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Causes and Clinical Features

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Causes, Features, and Assessment

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Classical Pathway of Complement Pathways

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Hereditary Nephritis (Alports) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features

Hereditary Nephritis (Alports) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings

Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Causes and Clinical Features

Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings

Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Analgesic Nephropathy

Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings

Thrombotic Microangiopathy: General Features

Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension

Renal Artery Stenosis: Causes

Congestive Heart Failure: Types of Left Heart Failure and Effects on Renal Function

Congestive Heart Failure: Effects of Left Heart Failure on Renal Blood Flow and Tubular Function

Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology

Hepatorenal Syndrome: Symptoms and Diagnosis

Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Major Causes

Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Chronic)

Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Malignant)

Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetic Nephropathy

Amyloidosis: Deposition Sites and Manifestations

Amyloidosis: Histopathological Findings

Lupus Nephritis: Diagnostic Criteria

Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class I and II Lesions)

Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class III and IV Lesions)

Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class V Lesions)

Myeloma Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings

Myeloma Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings

HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Light Microscopy Findings

HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings

HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Mechanisms of Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy

Preeclampsia: Clinical Definition and Potential Mechanism of Pathogenesis

Preeclampsia: Renal Pathology

Preeclampsia: HELLP Syndrome and Eclampsia

Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Diagnostic Criteria

Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Additional Clinical Features

Fabrys Disease

Cystinosis: Pathophysiology and the Renal Fanconi Syndrome

Cystinosis: Extrarenal Manifestations

Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Staging System and Major Causes

Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanism of Progression and Complications

Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Uremia

Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism

Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 5 - Urinary Tract Infections

Cystitis: Risk Factors

Cystitis: Common Symptoms and Tests

Cystitis: Evaluation

Cystitis: Treatment

Pyelonephritis: Risk Factors and Major Findings

Pyelonephritis: Pathology

Bacteriuria Management of Asymptometic Bacteriuria

Intrarenal and Perinephric Abscesses

Tuberculosis: Infection and Extrapulmonary Spread

Tuberculosis: Urinary Tract

Schistosomiasis: Lifecycle of Schistosoma Haematobium

Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection

Section 6 - Urinary Tract Obstructions

Obstructive Uropathy: Etiology

Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae

Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones

Urolithiasis: Major Sites of Renal Stone Impaction

Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Ureteral Strictures

Section 7 - Traumatic Injuries

Renal Injuries: Grading System and Renal Parencyhmal Injuries

Renal Injuries: Renal Hilar Injuries

Ureteral Injuries

Bladder Injuries: Extraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures

Bladder Injuries: Intraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures

Section 8 -Voiding Dysfunction

Voiding dysfunction: Anatomy of Female Urinary Continence Mechanisms

Voiding dysfunction : Neural Control of Bladder Function and Effects of Lesions

Voiding dysfunction: Stress Urinary Incontinence

Urodynamics: Equipment and Set-up for Urodynamics Studies

Urodynamics: Example Urodynamics Recordings

Section 9 - Neoplasms

Benign Renal Tumors: Papillary Adenoma and Oncocytoma

Benign Renal Tumors: Angiomyolipoma

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Radiographic Findings

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gross Pathological Findings

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Findings

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Staging System and Sites of Metastasis

Wilms Tumor: Genetics, Presentation, and Radiographic Findings

Wilms Tumor: Gross Appearance and Histopathological Findings

Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Risk Factors and Radiographic Appearance

Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Appearance (Ureteroscopic, Gross, and Microscopic) and Staging System

Tumors of the Bladder: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Physical Examination

Tumors of the Bladder: Cystoscopic and Radiographic Appearance

Tumors of the Bladder: Histopathological Findings and Staging System

Section 10 - Therapeutics

Osmotic Diuretics

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Loop Diuretics

Thiazide Diuretics

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System

Renal Biopsy: Indications and Structure of Typical Spring-Loaded Needle

Renal Biopsy: Procedure

Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Vascular Access for Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Peritoneal Dialysis

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Creation of Access Tract

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Nephroscope and Sonotrode

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Ultrasonic Lithotripsy of Large Stones

Pyeloplasty / Endopyelotomy

Renal Revascularization: Endovascular Therapies

Renal Revascularization: Surgical Therapies

Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Nephrectomy (Incisions for Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Approaches)

Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Simple Nephrectomy (Flank Approach)

Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach (Left-Sided))

Partial Nephrectomy: Open Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal (Flank) Approach)

Partial Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach)

Renal Ablation: Laparoscopic Cryoablation (Retroperitoneal Approach)

Renal Ablation: Percutaneous Cryoablation

Renal Transplantation: Recipient Operation

Renal Transplantation: Mechanisms of Action of Immunosuppressive Medications

Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Immediate Post-Operative Period

Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Early Post-Transplant Period

Renal Transplantation: Acute Rejection (Histopathological Findings)

Renal Transplantation: Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity (Histopathological Findings)

Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Late Post-Transplant Period

Ureteroscopy: Device Design and Deployment

Ureteroscopy: Stone Fragmentation and Extraction

Ureter Reimplantation

Ureteral Reconstruction

Cystoscopy: Cystoscope Design

Cystoscopy: Cystoscopic Views

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Equipment and Procedure

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Procedure (Continued)