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Psychopharmacology

Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

9781605355559
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Description
Unique in its breadth of coverage ranging from historical accounts of drug use to clinical and preclinical behavioral studies, Psychopharmacology is appropriate for undergraduates studying the relationships between the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Product Details
OUP USA
93455
9781605355559
9781605355559

Data sheet

Publication date
2018
Issue number
1
Cover
hard cover
Pages count
840
Weight (g)
1796
  • Preface; Chapter 1. Principles of Pharmacology; Pharmacology:: The Science of Drug Action; Placebo effect; Box 1.1. Pharmacology in Action:: Naming Drugs; Pharmacokinetic Factors Determining Drug Action; Methods of drug administration influence the onset of drug action; Multiple factors modify drug absorption; Drug distribution is limited by selective barriers; Depot binding alters the magnitude and duration of drug action; Biotransformation and elimination of drugs contribute to bioavailability; Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; Box 1.2. Pharmacology in Action:: Interspecies Drug Dose Extrapolation; Pharmacodynamics:: Drug-Receptor Interactions; Box 1.3. Pharmacology in Action:: Drug Categories; Extracellular and intracellular receptors have several common features; Dose-response curves describe receptor activity; The therapeutic index calculates drug safety; Receptor antagonists compete with agonists for binding sites; Biobehavioral Effects of Chronic Drug Use; Repeated drug exposure can cause tolerance; Chronic drug use can cause sensitization; Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry; Chapter 2. Structure and Function of the Nervous System; Cells of the Nervous System; Neurons have three major external features; Box 2.1. The Cutting Edge:: Embryonic Stem Cells; Characteristics of the cell membrane are critical for neuron function; Glial cells provide vital support for neurons; Box 2.2. Of Special Interest:: Astrocytes; Electrical Transmission within a Neuron; Ion distribution is responsible for the cells resting potential; Local potentials are small, transient changes in membrane potential; Sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock opens voltage-gated Na+ channels, producing an action potential; Drugs and poisons alter axon conduction; Organization of the Nervous System; Box 2.3. The Cutting Edge:: Finding Your Way in the Nervous System; The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral divisions; CNS functioning is dependent on structural features; The CNS has six distinct regions reflecting embryological development; Box 2.4. Of Special Interest:: Neuroendocrine Response to Stress; The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, each having primary, secondary, and tertiary areas; Rat and human brains have many similarities and some differences; Chapter 3. Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones; Chemical Signaling between Nerve Cells; Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation; Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of chemical substances; Box 3.1. Clinical Applications:: Orexin-Based Medications:: New Approaches to the Treatment of Sleep Disorders; Neuropeptides are synthesized by a different mechanism than other transmitters; Neuromodulators are chemicals that dont act like typical neurotransmitters; Classical transmitter release involves exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles; Lipid and gaseous transmitters are not released from synaptic vesicles; Several mechanisms control the rate of neurotransmitter release by nerve cells; Neurotransmitters are inactivated by reuptake and by enzymatic breakdown; Neurotransmitter Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems; There are two major families of neurotransmitter receptors; Second messengers work by activating specific protein kinases within a cell; Tyrosine kinase receptors mediate the effects of neurotrophic factors; Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Plasticity; The Endocrine System; Endocrine glands can secrete multiple hormones; Mechanisms of hormone action vary; Why is the endocrine system important to pharmacologists?; Box 3.2. Pharmacology in Action:: Sex Hormones and Drug Abuse; Chapter 4. Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology; Research Methods for Evaluating the Brain and Behavior; TECHNIQUES IN BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY; Evaluating Animal Behavior; Animal testing needs to be valid and reliable to produce useful information; A wide variety of behaviors are evaluated by psychopharmacologists; Box 4.1. Pharmacology in Action:: Using the Three-Chamber Social Interaction Test; Box 4.2. Clinical Applications:: Drug Testing for FDA Approval; TECHNIQUES IN NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; Multiple Neurobiological Techniques for Assessing the CNS; Stereotaxic surgery is needed for accurate in vivo measures of brain function; Neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins can be quantified and visually located in the CNS; New tools are used for imaging the structure and function of the brain; Genetic engineering helps neuroscientists to ask and answer new questions; Box 4.3. Pharmacology in Action:: Transgenic Model of Huntingtons Disease; Behavioral and neuropharmacological methods complement one another; Chapter 5. Catecholamines; Catecholamine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation; Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting stepin catecholamine synthesis; Catecholamines are stored in and released from synaptic vesicles; Catecholamine inactivation occurs through the combination of reuptake and metabolism; Organization and Function of the Dopaminergic System; Two important dopaminergic cell groups are found in the midbrain; Ascending dopamine pathways have been implicated in several important behavioral functions; Box 5.1. Clinical Applications:: Mutations That Affect Dopamine Neurotransmission; There are five main subtypes of dopamine receptors organized into D1- and D2-like families; Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists affect locomotor activity and other behavioral functions; Box 5.2. The Cutting Edge:: Using Molecular Genetics to Study the Dopaminergic System; Organization and Function of the Noradrenergic System; Norepinephrine is an important transmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems; Norepinephrine and epinephrine act through alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors; The central noradrenergic system plays a significant role in arousal, cognition, and the consolidation of emotional memories; Several medications work by stimulating or inhibiting peripheral adrenergic receptors; Chapter 6. Serotonin; Serotonin Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation; Serotonin synthesis is regulated by enzymatic activity and precursor availability; Similar processes regulate storage, release, and inactivation of serotonin and the catecholamines; Box 6.1. History of Psychopharmacology:: Ecstasy-Harmless Feel-Good Drug, Dangerous Neurotoxin, or Miracle Medication?; Organization and Function of the Serotonergic System; The serotonergic system originates in the brainstem and projects to all forebrain areas; The firing of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons varies with behavioral state and in response to rewards and punishments; There is a large family of serotonin receptors, most of which are metabotropic; Multiple approaches have identified several behavioral and physiological functions of serotonin; Box 6.2. The Cutting Edge:: Serotonin and Aggression; Chapter 7. Acetylcholine; Acetylcholine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation; Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase; Many different drugs and toxins can alter acetylcholine storage and release; Acetylcholinesterase is responsible for acetylcholine breakdown; Box 7.1. Pharmacology In Action:: Botulinum Toxin-Deadly Poison, Therapeutic Remedy, and Cosmetic Aid; Organization and Function of the Cholinergic System; Cholinergic neurons play a key role in the functioning of both the peripheral and central nervous systems; Box 7.2. The Cutting Edge:: Acetylcholine and Cognitive Function; There are two acetylcholine receptor subtypes:: nicotinic and muscarinic; Chapter 8. Glutamate and GABA; GLUTAMATE; Glutamate Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation; Neurons generate glutamate from the precursor glutamine; Glutamate packaging into vesicles and uptake after release are mediated by multiple transport systems; Organization and Function of the Glutamatergic System; Glutamate is the neurotransmitter used in many excitatory pathways in the brain; Both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors mediate the synaptic effects of glutamate; Box 8.1. Clinical Applications:: Fragile X Syndrome and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists:: A Contemporary Saga of Translational Medicine; AMPA and NMDA receptors play a key role in learning and memory; High levels of glutamate can be toxic to nerve cells; GABA; GABA Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation; GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase; GABA packaging into vesicles and uptake after release are mediated by specific transporter proteins; GABA is coreleased with several other classical neurotransmitters; Organization and Function of the GABAergic System; Some GABAergic neurons are interneurons, while others are projection neurons; The actions of GABA are primarily mediated by ionotropic GABAA receptors; Box 8.2. Clinical Applications:: GABA and Epilepsy; GABA also signals using metabotropic GABAB receptors; Chapter 9. Drug Abuse and Addiction; Introduction to Drug Abuse and Addiction; Drugs of abuse are widely consumed in our society; Drug use in our society has increased and has become more heavily regulated over time; Features of Drug Abuse and Addiction; Drug addiction is considered to be a chronic, relapsing behavioral disorder; There are two types of progression in drug use; Box 9.1. Of Special Interest:: Should the Term Addiction Be Applied to Compulsive Behavioral Disorders That Dont Involve Substance Use?; Which drugs are the most addictive?; Factors That Influence the Development and Maintenance of Drug Abuse and Addiction; The addiction potential of a substance is influenced by its route of administration; Most abused drugs exert rewarding and reinforcing effects; Drug dependence leads to withdrawal symptoms when abstinence is attempted; Discriminative stimulus effects contribute to drug-seeking behavior; Genetic factors contribute to the risk for addiction; Psychosocial variables also contribute to addiction risk; The factors contributing to drug addiction can be combined into a biopsychosocial model; The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction; Drug reward and incentive salience drive the binge-intoxication stage of drug use; The withdrawal/negative affect stage is characterized by stress and by the recruitment of an antireward circuit; The preoccupation/anticipation stage involves dysregulation of prefrontal cortical function and corticostriatal circuitry; Molecular neuroadaptations play a key role in the transition to an addicted state; Is addiction a disease?; Chapter 10. Alcohol; Psychopharmacology of Alcohol; Alcohol has a long history of use; What is an alcohol and where does it come from?; The pharmacokinetics of alcohol determines its bioavailability; Chronic alcohol use leads to both tolerance and physical dependence; Alcohol affects many organ systems; Box 10.1. Pharmacology in Action::The Role of Expectation in Alcohol-Enhanced Human Sexual Response; Neurochemical Effects of Alcohol; Animal models are vital for alcohol research; Alcohol acts on multiple neurotransmitters; Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD); Defining alcohol use disorder and estimating its incidence have proved difficult; The causes of alcohol use disorder are multimodal; Multiple treatment options provide hope for rehabilitation; Chapter 11. The Opioids; Narcotic Analgesics; The opium poppy has a long history of use; Minor differences in molecular structure determine behavioral effects; Bioavailability predicts both physiological and behavioral effects; Opioids have their most important effects on the CNS and on the gastrointestinal tract; Box 11.1. Clinical Applications:: Saving a Life:: Naloxone for Opioid Overdoses; Opioid Receptors and Endogenous Neuropeptides; Receptor binding studies identified and localized opioid receptors; Four opioid receptor subtypes exist; Several families of naturally occurring opioid peptides bind to these receptors; Box 11.2. The Cutting Edge:: Science in Action; Opioid receptor-mediated cellular changes are inhibitory; Opioids and Pain; The two components of pain have distinct features; Opioids inhibit pain transmission at spinal and supraspinal levels; Other forms of pain control depend on opioids; Opioid Reinforcement, Tolerance, and Dependence; Animal testing shows significant reinforcing properties; Dopaminergic and nondopaminergic components contribute to opioid reinforcement; Long-term opioid use produces tolerance, sensitization, and dependence; Box 11.3. Of Special Interest:: The Opioid Epidemic; Several brain areas contribute to the opioid abstinence syndrome; Neurobiological adaptation and rebound constitute tolerance and withdrawal; Environmental cues have a role in tolerance, drug abuse, and relapse; Treatment Programs for Opioid Use Disorder; Detoxification is the first step in the therapeutic process; Treatment goals and programs rely on pharmacological support and counseling; Chapter 12. Psychomotor Stimulants:: Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Related Drugs; COCAINE; Background and History; Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine; Mechanisms of Cocaine Action; Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cocaine; Cocaine stimulates mood and behavior; Cocaines physiological effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system; Dopamine is important for many effects of cocaine and other psychostimulants; Brain imaging has revealed the neural mechanisms of psychostimulant action in humans; Several DA receptor subtypes mediate the functional effects of psychostimulants; Cocaine Abuse and the Effects of Chronic Cocaine Exposure; Experimental cocaine use may escalate over time to a pattern of cocaine abuse and dependence; Chronic cocaine exposure leads to significant behavioral and neurobiological changes; Box 12.1. The Cutting Edge:: Neurochemical Mechanisms of Cocaine Tolerance and Sensitization; Repeated or high-dose cocaine use can produce serious health consequences; Pharmacological, behavioral, and psychosocial methods are used to treat cocaine abuse and dependence; THE AMPHETAMINES; Background and History; Basic Pharmacology of the Amphetamines; Mechanisms of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Action; Behavioral and Neural Effects of Amphetamines; Amphetamine and methamphetamine have therapeutic uses; High doses or chronic use of amphetamines can cause a variety of adverse effects; METHYLPHENIDATE, MODAFINIL, AND SYNTHETIC CATHINONES; Methylphenidate; Box 12.2. Clinical Applications:: Psychostimulants and ADHD; Modafinil; Synthetic Cathinones; Chapter 13. Nicotine and Caffeine; NICOTINE; Background and History; Basic Pharmacology of Nicotine and Its Relationship to Smoking; Features of tobacco smoking and nicotine pharmacokinetics; Features of e-cigarette vaping and nicotine pharmacokinetics; Nicotine metabolism; Mechanisms of Action; Behavioral and Physiological Effects; Nicotine elicits different mood changes in smokers compared with nonsmokers; Nicotine enhances cognitive function; Nicotine exerts both reinforcing and aversive effects; Nicotine produces a wide range of physiological effects; Nicotine is a toxic substance that can be fatal at high doses; Chronic exposure to nicotine induces tolerance and dependence; Cigarette Smoking and Vaping; What percentage of the population are current users of tobacco and/or e-cigarettes?; Nicotine users progress through a series of stages in their pattern and frequency of use; Box 13.1. The Cutting Edge:: How Safe Are E-cigarettes?; Why do smokers smoke and vapers vape?; Smoking is a major health hazard and a cause of premature death; Behavioral and pharmacological strategies are used to treat tobacco dependence; CAFFEINE; Background; Basic Pharmacology of Caffeine; Behavioral and Physiological Effects; Acute subjective and behavioral effects of caffeine depend on dose and prior exposure; Caffeine consumption can enhance sports performance; Regular caffeine use leads to tolerance and dependence; Caffeine and caffeine-containing beverages pose health risks but also exert therapeutic benefits; Mechanisms of Action; Chapter 14. Marijuana and the Cannabinoids; Background and History of Cannabis and Marijuana; Forms of cannabis and their chemical constituents; History of cannabis; Basic Pharmacology of Marijuana; THC; Cannabidiol; Mechanisms of Action; Cannabinoid effects are mediated by cannabinoid receptors; Pharmacological and genetic studies reveal the functional roles of cannabinoid receptors; Endocannabinoids are cannabinoid receptor agonists synthesized by the body; Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cannabinoids; Cannabis consumption produces a dose-dependent state of intoxication; Marijuana use can lead to deficits in memory and other cognitive processes; Rewarding and reinforcing effects of cannabinoids have been studied in both humans and animals; Cannabis Abuse and the Effects of Chronic Cannabis Exposure; Chronic use of cannabis can lead to the development of a cannabis use disorder; Chronic cannabis use can lead to adverse behavioral, neurobiological, and health effects; Box 14.1. Of Special Interest:: Beyond Cannabis:: The Rise of Synthetic Cannabinoids; Chapter 15. Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine; HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS; Mescaline; Psilocybin; Dimethyltryptamine and Related Tryptamines; LSD; Box 15.1. History of Pharmacology:: The Discovery of LSD; NBOMes; Salvinorin A; Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Drugs; Different hallucinogenic drugs vary in potency and in their time course of action; Hallucinogens produce a complex set of psychological and physiological responses; Most hallucinogenic drugs share a common indoleamine or phenethylamine structure; Indoleamine and phenethylamine hallucinogens are 5-HT2A receptor agonists; Salvinorin A is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist; The neural mechanisms underlying hallucinogenesis are not yet fully understood; Hallucinogenic drug use leads to adverse effects in some users; Can hallucinogenic drugs be used therapeutically?; PCP AND KETAMINE; Background and History; Pharmacology of PCP and Ketamine; PCP and ketamine produce a state of dissociation; PCP and ketamine are noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA receptors; PCP and ketamine have significant abuse potential; Use of PCP, ketamine, or related drugs can cause a variety of adverse consequences; Box 15.2. Pharmacology In Action:: Getting High on Cough Syrup; Novel therapeutic applications have been proposed for ketamine; Chapter 16. Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids; INHALANTS; Background; Inhalants comprise a range of substances including volatile solvents, fuels, halogenated hydrocarbons, anesthetics, and nitrites; Abused inhalants are rapidly absorbed and readily enter the brain; These substances are particularly favored by children and adolescents; Behavioral and Neural Effects; Many inhalant effects are similar to alcohol intoxication; Chronic inhalant use can lead to tolerance and dependence; Rewarding and reinforcing effects have been demonstrated in animals; Inhalants have complex effects on central nervous system (CNS) function and behavioral activity; Health risks have been associated with inhalant abuse; GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE; Background?; Behavioral and Neural Effects; GHB produces behavioral sedation, intoxication, and learning deficits; GHB and its precursors have reinforcing properties; Effects of GHB are mediated by multiple mechanisms; Medical and Recreational Uses of GHB; GHB is used therapeutically for the treatment of narcolepsy and alcoholism; GHB has significant abuse potential when used recreationally; ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS; Background and History; Anabolic-androgenic steroids are structurally related to testosterone; Anabolic-androgenic steroids were developed to help build muscle mass and enhance athletic performance; Anabolic-androgenic steroids are currently taken by many adolescent and adult men; Anabolic-androgenic steroids are taken in specific patterns and combinations; Pharmacology of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids; Research is beginning to unravel the mechanism of action of anabolic-androgenic steroids on muscle; Many adverse side effects are associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use; Regular anabolic-androgenic steroid use causes dependence in some individuals; Box 16.1. Of Special Interest:: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Roid Rage; Testosterone has an important role in treating hypogonadism; Chapter 17. Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders; Neurobiology of Anxiety; What is anxiety?; The amygdala is important to emotion-processing circuits; Multiple neurotransmitters mediate anxiety; Box 17.1. The Cutting Edge:: Neural Mechanism Responsible for High Tonic Cell Firing Mediating Anxiety; Genes and environment interact to determine the tendency to express anxiety; The effects of early stress are dependent on timing; The effects of early stress vary with gender; Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders; Drugs for Treating Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD; Barbiturates are the oldest sedative-hypnotics; Benzodiazepines are highly effective for anxiety reduction; Second-generation anxiolytics produce distinctive clinical effects; Antidepressants relieve anxiety and depression; Many novel approaches to treating anxiety are being developed; Chapter 18. Affective Disorders:: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers; Characteristics of Affective Disorders; Major depression damages the quality of life; In bipolar disorder moods alternate from mania to depression; Risk factors for mood disorders are biological and environmental; Animal Models of Affective Disorders; Models of bipolar disorder; Neurochemical Basis of Mood Disorders; Serotonin dysfunction contributes to mood disorders; Norepinephrine activity is altered by antidepressants; Norepinephrine and serotonin modulate one another; Neurobiological Models of Depression; Box 18.1.The Cutting Edge:: Epigenetic Modifications in Psychopathology and Treatment; Therapies for Affective Disorders; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the oldest antidepressant drugs; Tricyclic antidepressants block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin; Second-generation antidepressants have different side effects; Third-generation antidepressants have distinctive mechanisms of action; Drugs for treating bipolar disorder stabilize the highs and the lows; Chapter 19. Schizophrenia:: Antipsychotic Drugs; Characteristics of Schizophrenia; There is no defining cluster of schizophrenic symptoms; Etiology of Schizophrenia; Abnormalities of brain structure and function occur in individuals with schizophrenia; Genetic, environmental, and developmental factors interact; Box 19.1. The Cutting Edge:: Epigenetic Modifications and Risk for Schizophrenia; Preclinical Models of Schizophrenia; Box 19.2. Pharmacology In Action:: The Prenatal Inflammation Model of Schizophrenia; Neurochemical Models of Schizophrenia; Abnormal dopamine function contributes to schizophrenic symptoms; The neurodevelopmental model integrates anatomical and neurochemical evidence; Glutamate and other neurotransmitters contribute to symptoms; Classic Neuroleptics and Atypical Antipsychotics; Phenothiazines and butyrophenones are classic neuroleptics; Dopamine receptor antagonism is responsible for antipsychotic action; Side effects are directly related to neurochemical action; Atypical antipsychotics are distinctive in several ways; Practical clinical trials help clinicians make decisions about drugs; There are renewed efforts to treat the cognitive symptoms; Chapter 20. Neurodegenerative Diseases, by Jennifer R. Yates, Ohio Wesleyan University; PARKINSONS DISEASE AND ALZHEIMERS DISEASE; Parkinsons Disease; The clinical features of PD are primarily motor related; Patients with Parkinsons may also develop dementia; The primary pathology of PD is a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra; Animal models of PD have strengths and limitations; Pharmacological treatments for PD are primarily symptomatic, not disease altering; There are several unmet needs in PD diagnosis and treatment; Alzheimers Disease; AD is defined by several pathological cellular disturbances; There are several behavioral, health, and genetic risk factors for AD?; Alzheimers disease cannot be definitively diagnosed until postmortem analysis; Several different animal models contribute to our understanding of AD; Symptomatic treatments are available, and several others are under study for slowing disease progression; Box 20.1. The Cutting Edge:: Alzheimers Disease:: Its all in your gut???; OTHER MAJOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; Huntingtons Disease; Symptoms; Only symptomatic treatments are available for HD; none alter disease progression; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; The symptoms and disease progression in ALS are devastating; The loss of motor neurons in ALS is complicated and poorly understood; Two medications exist that are approved for ALS treatment; Multiple Sclerosis; The symptoms of MS are variable and unpredictable; Diagnosis; Causes of MS; Treatments fall into several categories for MS and can be very effective; Box 20.2. Pharmacology in Action:: Can We Repair or Replace Myelin?; Glossary; References; Author Index; Subject Index; Note:: Environmental Neurotoxicants and Endocrine Disruptors, by Susan A. Rice, Susan A. Rice and Associates, Inc.-Chapter 17 in the Second Edition-has moved to the Web.;
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