Human Cancer Diagnosis and Detection Using Exascale Computing

Preface xiii

1 Evaluating the Impact of Healthcare 4.0 on the Performance of Hospitals 1
Pramod Kumar, Nitu Maurya, Keerthiraj, Somanchi Hari Krishna, Geetha Manoharan and Anupama Bharti

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Literature Review 4

1.3 Methodology 6

1.3.1 Selection of the Sample and Characterization 6

1.3.2 Creation of a Data-Gathering Tool and Measures 7

1.3.3 Inspection of the Conceptions’ Reliability and Validity 8

1.3.4 Data Evaluation 8

1.4 Result and Discussion 9

1.5 Conclusion 11

References 12

2 Human Breast Cancer Classification Employing the Machine Learning Ensemble 19
Sreenivas Mekala, S. Srinivasulu Raju, M. Gomathi, Naga Venkateshwara Rao K., Kothandaraman D. and Saurabh Sharma

2.1 Introduction 20

2.1.1 Breast Cancer Symptoms and Signs 20

2.1.2 Breast Cancer Risk Factors 21

2.1.3 Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning 22

2.2 Literature Review 22

2.3 Methodology 24

2.3.1 Bayesian Network 24

2.3.2 Radial Basis Function 25

2.3.3 Ensemble Learning 26

2.3.4 The Suggested Algorithm 27

2.4 Results and Discussion 28

2.5 Conclusion 31

References 31

3 Multi-Objective Differential Development Using DNN for Multimodality Medical Image Fusion 35
M. Ranjith Kumar, Abhishek Dondapati, Dilip Kumar Sharma, Prakash Pareek, Rajchandar K. and S. Shalini

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Literature Review 37

3.3 Methodology 38

3.3.1 Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform 40

3.3.2 Deep Xception Mode Feature Extraction 40

3.3.3 Differential Evolutions with Several Objectives for Feature Selection 41

3.3.4 Fusion of High-Frequency Bands 41

3.4 Result and Discussion 41

3.4.1 Visual Evaluation 41

3.4.2 Quantitative Research 43

3.5 Conclusion 47

References 47

4 Multimodal Deep Learning Analysis for Biomedical Data Fusion 53
Divyanshu Sinha, B. Jogeswara Rao, D. Khalandar Basha, Parvathapuram Pavan Kumar, N. Shilpa and Saurabh Sharma

4.1 Introduction 54

4.2 Literature Review 56

4.3 Methodology 58

4.3.1 Early Fusion 59

4.3.2 Intermediate Fusion 60

4.3.3 Late Fusion 62

4.4 Results and Discussion 62

4.5 Conclusion 64

References 65

5 Developing Robot-Based Neurorehabilitation Exercises Using a Teaching–Training Process 71
W. Vinu, Sonali Vyas, A. Chandrashekhar, T. Ch. Anil Kumar, T. Raghu and Mohit Tiwari

5.1 Introduction 72

5.1.1 Research Gap 74

5.1.2 Research Aim 74

5.2 Literature Review 74

5.3 Research Methodology 77

5.4 Results 78

5.5 Conclusion 81

5.6 Future Research Directions 82

References 83

6 Investigation on Introduction to Heterogeneous Exascale Computing in the Medical Field 87
M. Pyingkodi, Raju Shanmugam, Dilip Kumar Sharma, Deepesh Lall, S. Deepan and B. Dasu

6.1 Introduction 88

6.1.1 Research Gap 89

6.2 Literature Review 89

6.3 Research Methodology 92

6.4 Results and Discussion 94

6.5 Conclusion 96

6.6 Future Research Direction 96

References 97

7 Adoption of Cloud Computing in the Healthcare Field Using the SEM Approach 101
R. Chithambaramani, C. Balakumar, Dilip Kumar Sharma, Keyur Patel, Bhavana Jamalpur and M. R. Arun

7.1 Introduction 102

7.1.1 Research Gap 103

7.1.2 Research Aim 103

7.2 Literature Review 104

7.3 Research Methodology 106

7.3.1 Research Hypothesis 107

7.3.2 Data Analysis 107

7.4 Results and Discussion 107

7.5 Implications 110

7.6 Conclusion 110

7.7 Future Research Directions 111

References 112

8 Chest X-Ray Analysis for COVID-19 Diagnosis Using an Exascale Computation and Machine Learning Framework 115
M. Dhinakaran, S. Deivasigamani, Saikat Kar, Nishakar Kankalla, V. Malathy and Saurabh Sharma

8.1 Introduction 116

8.2 Literature Review 117

8.3 Research Methodology 119

8.4 Analysis and Discussion 120

8.5 Conclusion 130

References 131

9 3D-Printed Human Organ Designs with Tissue Physical Characteristics and Embedded Sensors 135
A. Chandrashekhar, R. Raffik, R. Sridevi, M. Sindhu, Kodela Rajkumar and Tarun Jaiswal

9.1 Introduction 136

9.2 Literature Review 137

9.3 Methodology 139

9.4 Analysis and Discussion 140

9.5 Conclusion 149

References 150

10 Fast Computing Network Infrastructure for Healthcare Systems Based on 6G Future Perspective 153
Ranjeet Yadav, S. L. Prathapa Reddy, Akshay Upmanyu, Ravi Kumar Sanapala, V. Malathy and Umakant Bhaskar Gohatre

10.1 Introduction 154

10.2 Literature Review 155

10.3 Research Methodology 157

10.4 Analysis and Discussion 158

10.5 Conclusion 167

References 168

11 Analysis of Multimodality Fusion of Medical Image Segmentation Employing Deep Learning 171
G. Santhakumar, Dattatray G. Takale, Swati Tyagi, Raju Anitha, Mohit Tiwari and Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj

11.1 Introduction 172

11.1.1 Research Gap 174

11.1.2 Research Aim 174

11.2 Literature Review 174

11.3 Research Methodology 176

11.4 Results and Discussion 177

11.5 Conclusion 180

References 181

12 New Perspectives, Challenges, and Advances in Data Fusion in Neuroimaging 185
Pedada Sujata, Dattatray G. Takale, Swati Tyagi, Saniya Bhalerao, Mohit Tiwari and Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj

12.1 Introduction 186

12.1.1 Research Gap 188

12.2 Literature Review 188

12.3 Research Methodology 190

12.3.1 Human Brain Temporal and Spatial Data Mining Using FOCA and Data Fusion 190

12.3.2 Construction of the Multimodal Neuroimaging Data Fusion 190

12.4 Results and Discussion 191

12.4.1 EEG–fMRI Shared Multimodal Simulation Evaluation 192

12.4.2 Implementation of Multimodal Neuroimaging Data Fusion 192

12.5 Challenges 194

12.6 Conclusion 195

References 196

13 The Potential of Cloud Computing in Medical Big Data Processing Systems 199
A. Mallareddy, M. Jaiganesh, Sophia Navis Mary, Manikandan K., Umakant Bhaskar Gohatre and Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj

13.1 Introduction 200

13.2 Literature Review 202

13.3 Materials and Method 203

13.4 Result and Discussion 206

13.5 Conclusion 210

References 211

14 Deep Learning (DL) on Exascale Computing to Speed Up Cancer Investigation 215
D. Rubidha Devi, S. Ashwini, Samreen Rizvi, P. Venkata Hari Prasad, Mohit Tiwari and Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj

14.1 Introduction 216

14.2 Literature Review 217

14.3 Research Methodology 219

14.4 Analysis and Discussion 220

14.5 Conclusion 223

References 224

15 Current Breakthroughs and Future Perspectives in Surgery Based on AI-Based Computing Vision 227
Suneet Gupta, Madhu Kumar Vanteru, Sanjeevkumar Angadi, Manikandan K., Mohit Tiwari and Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj

15.1 Introduction 228

15.2 Literature Review 229

15.3 Research Methodology 231

15.4 Analysis and Discussion 232

15.5 Conclusion 235

References 236

16 MRI-Based Brain Tumor Detection Using Machine Learning 239
Vivek Kumar, Pinki Chugh, Bhuprabha Bharti, Anchit Bijalwan, Amrendra Tripathi, Ram Narayan and Kapil Joshi

16.1 Introduction 240

16.2 Pre-Processing 242

16.3 Segmentation 243

16.4 Feature Extraction 244

16.5 SVM Classifier 246

16.6 Methodology 248

16.7 Conclusion 249

References 249

17 Chili Pepper as a Natural Therapeutic Drug: A Review of Its Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties and Mechanism of Action Using the Machine Learning Approach 253
Rachana Joshi, Narinder Kumar, B. S. Rawat, Reena Dhyani, Hemlata Sharma and Rajiv Kumar

17.1 Introduction 254

17.2 Machine Learning Technique 255

17.3 Composition Profile 255

17.4 Reactions of Phytochemicals to Drying and Ripening 256

17.5 Antioxidant Activity 257

17.6 Anticancer Activity 258

17.7 Activities that are Anti-Inflammatory and Relieve Pain 260

17.8 Activities Controlling Diabetes and Hyperglycemia 260

17.9 The Impacts of Anticholesteremic Activity on Lipid Metabolism 262

17.10 Anticlotting Effect 262

17.11 Antimicrobial Activity 263

17.12 Immune Checkpoint Signaling 263

17.13 Suppression of Antitumor Immune Response 264

17.14 Antigen Masking 264

17.15 Immune-Based Cancer Therapies 264

17.16 Other Miscellaneous Medicinal Values 265

17.17 Conclusion 267

References 268

18 Exascale Computing: The Next Frontier of High-Performance Computing 279
Rashmi M., Girija D.K. and Yogeesh N.

18.1 Introduction 280

18.1.1 Literature Study 281

18.2 Exascale Computing 282

18.2.1 Exascale Computers 283

18.2.2 Case Study 284

18.2.3 Measuring Computer Speed 285

18.2.4 Usage of FLOPS in Supercomputers 286

18.2.5 Exascale Computing: A Crucial Technology 290

18.2.6 Requirements of High-Speed Computers 291

18.2.7 Milestones 292

18.2.8 Exascale Computing Processing 293

18.2.9 Advantages of Exascale Computing 294

18.2.10 Exascale Computing in Various Domains 295

18.2.11 Exascale Computer: A Supercomputer 297

18.2.12 Exascale Computing Different from Quantum Computing 298

18.3 Exascale Computing Challenges 299

18.4 Future Lookup 301

18.4.1 Needed Improvements 301

18.5 Conclusion 302

References 303

Index 305