Imaging in Spine Surgery

SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES

Normal Anatomy Overview
Craniovertebral Junction
Cervical Spine
Thoracic Spine
Lumbar Spine
Measurement Techniques
Normal Postoperative Change: Disc Space
Normal Postoperative Change: Epidural Space
Metal Artifact

SECTION 2: DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Devices and Instrumentation Overview
Plates and Screws
Cages
Subaxial Posterior Instrumentation
Transpedicular Screw Fixation
Cervical Artificial Disc
Lumbar Artificial Disc
Interspinous Spacing Devices
Scoliosis and Devices Instrumentation
Pumps and Catheters

SECTION 3: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS

BONY VARIATIONS
C2-C3 Fusion
C1 Assimilation
Ponticulus Posticus
Ossiculum Terminale
Paracondylar Process
Condylus Tertius
Posterior Arch Rachischisis
Split Atlas

DIAGNOSES

Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia
C1 Dysmorphism/Hypoplastic Arch
Chiari 1
Complex Chiari
Chiari 2
Chiari 3
Myelomeningocele
Lipomyelomeningocele
Lipoma
Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Simple Coccygeal Dimple
Dermoid Cysts
Epidermoid Cysts
Tethered Spinal Cord
Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Terminal Myelocystocele
Anterior Sacral Meningocele
Occult Intrasacral Meningocele
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Failure of Vertebral Formation
Vertebral Segmentation Failure
Diastematomyelia
Neurenteric Cyst
Os Odontoideum
Lateral Meningocele

GENETIC

Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Down Syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Achondroplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

SECTION 4: DISORDERS OF ALIGNMENT

Introduction to Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Degenerative Scoliosis
Scoliosis Instrumentation
Spondylolisthesis
Instability

SECTION 5: TRAUMA

VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS
Fracture Classification
Atlantooccipital Dislocation
Ligamentous Injury
Occipital Condyle Fracture
Jefferson C1 Fracture
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation
Odontoid C2 Fracture
Burst C2 Fracture
Hangmans C2 Fracture
Apophyseal Ring Fracture
Cervical Hyperflexion Injury
Cervical Hyperextension Injury
Cervical Burst Fracture
Traumatic Disc Herniation
Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture
Fracture Dislocation
Chance Fracture
Anterior Compression Fracture
Sacral Insufficiency Fracture

CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS

Posttraumatic Syrinx
Presyrinx Edema
Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma
Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation
Traumatic Epidural Hematoma
Traumatic Subdural Hematoma

SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES

DEGENERATIVE DISEASE

Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative Endplate Changes
Disc Bulge
Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc
Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal
Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Lumbar Facet Arthropathy
Facet Joint Synovial Cyst
Baastrup Disease
Bertolotti Syndrome
Schmorl Node
Scheuermann Disease
Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis
Congenital Spinal Stenosis
Cervical Spondylosis
DISH
OPLL
Ossification Ligamentum Flavum
Periodontoid Pseudotumor
Spondylolysis

INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES

Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy
Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy
Ankylosing Spondylitis
CPPD
Gout

SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

INFECTION

Pathways of Spread
Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis, C1-C2
Septic Facet Joint Arthritis
Paraspinal Abscess
Epidural Abscess
Abscess, Spinal Cord

INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE

Acute Transverse Myelopathy
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuromyelitis Optica
ADEM
Sarcoidosis
Grisel Syndrome
IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis

SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES

EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS

Spread of Neoplasms
Blastic Osseous Metastases
Lytic Osseous Metastases
Hemangioma
Osteoid Osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Giant Cell Tumor
Osteochondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Chordoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Plasmacytoma
Multiple Myeloma
Neuroblastic Tumor

INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY

Schwannoma
Meningioma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
Neurofibroma
Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors
Metastases, CSF Disseminated
Paraganglioma

INTRAMEDULLARY

Astrocytoma
Cellular Ependymoma
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Hemangioblastoma
Spinal Cord Metastases
Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma

NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS

CYSTS
CSF Flow Artifact
Meningeal Cyst
Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst
Syringomyelia

TUMOR MIMICS
Fibrous Dysplasia
Kümmell Disease
Hirayama Disease
Paget Disease
Bone Infarction
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Tumoral Calcinosis

SECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERS

Vascular Anatomy
Approach to Vascular Conditions
Type 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula)
Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation
Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation
Type 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula)
Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage
Cavernous Malformation
Spinal Artery Aneurysm
Spinal Cord Infarction
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
Bow Hunter Syndrome
Vertebral Dissection
Carotid Dissection
Fibromuscular Dysplasia

SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS

Complications Overview
Myelography Complications
Vertebroplasty Complications
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
Epidural Abscess, Postop
Disc Space Infection
Meningitis
CSF Leakage Syndrome
Pseudomeningocele
Direct Cord Trauma
Vascular Injury
Epidural Hematoma, Spine
Instrumentation Failure
Bone Graft Complications
rhBMP-2 Complications
Heterotopic Bone Formation
Recurrent Disc Herniation
Peridural Fibrosis
Arachnoiditis/Adhesions
Arachnoiditis Ossificans
Accelerated Degeneration
Postsurgical Deformity
Radiation Myelopathy

SECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONS

Remote Complications Overview
Donor Site Complications
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Aspiration Pneumonia
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cerebral Infarction
Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Intracranial Hypotension
Extraaxial Hematoma, Brain
Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage
Retroperitoneal Lymphocele
Ophthalmic Complications
Esophageal Perforation
Acute Pancreatitis
Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium difficile)
Rhabdomyolysis
Bowel Perforation
Ureteral Trauma

SECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Basilar Invagination
Basilar Impression
Cranial Settling
Platybasia
Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion
Foramen Magnum Mass

SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUS

Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy
Superior Sulcus Tumor
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Muscle Denervation
Brachial Plexus Traction Injury
Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis
Traumatic Neuroma
Radiation Plexopathy
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis
Hypertrophic Neuropathy
Femoral Neuropathy
Ulnar Neuropathy
Suprascapular Neuropathy
Median Neuropathy
Common Peroneal Neuropathy
Tibial Neuropathy

SECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES

CERVICAL SPINE

Medial Branch Block, Cervical Spine
Facet Joint Injection, Cervical Spine
Selective Nerve Root Block, Cervical Spine
Epidural Steroid Injection, Cervical Spine

THORACIC SPINE

Medial Branch Block, Thoracic Spine
Facet Joint Injection, Thoracic Spine
Selective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic Spine
Epidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic Spine

LUMBAR SPINE

Medial Branch Block, Lumbar Spine
Facet Joint Injection, Lumbar Spine
Selective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar Spine
Epidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar Spine

VERTEBRAL BODY

Vertebroplasty
Kyphoplasty
Sacroplasty
Vertebral Biopsy

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

Percutaneous Discectomy
Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy
Nucleoplasty
Disc Aspiration/Biopsy

PELVIS

Pelvis Anatomy
Sacroiliac Joint Injection
Sacral Nerve Root Block
Piriformis Steroid Injection