Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics

Merrow: Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics 3e

SECTION 1: AIRWAY

Approach to Pediatric Airway

Normal Dynamic Airway Findings in Infants

Expiratory Buckling of Trachea

Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues

Newborn Airway Obstruction

Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis

Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele

Choanal Atresia

Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence

Tracheal Agenesis

Infectious Causes of Airway Compromise

Epiglottitis

Croup

Exudative Tracheitis

Retropharyngeal Space Abscess

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Enlarged Adenoid Tonsils

Enlarged Palatine Tonsils

Enlarged Lingual Tonsils

Glossoptosis

Extrinsic Vascular Compression of Airway

Double Aortic Arch

Pulmonary Sling

Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome

Right Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery

Miscellaneous Airway Obstructions

Infantile Hemangioma, Airway

Tracheobronchomalacia

SECTION 2: CHEST

Approach to Pediatric Chest

Normal Developmental Variants

Normal Thymus

Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall

Congenital Lung Lesions

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration

Bronchogenic Cyst

Congenital Lobar Overinflation

Bronchial Atresia

Neonatal Chest Issues

Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Surfactant Deficiency Disease

Neonatal Pneumonia

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Transient Tachypnea of Newborn

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema

Neonatal Pneumothorax

Chylothorax

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications

Esophageal Intubation

ECMO Catheters

PICCs

Chest Infections

Viral Chest Infection

Round Pneumonia

Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema

Pneumonia with Cavitary Necrosis

Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children

Papillomatosis

Pulmonary Masses

Pleuropulmonary Blastoma

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation

Mediastinal Masses

Lymphoma

Germ Cell Tumors

Neuroblastoma, Thoracic

Trauma

Child Abuse, Rib Fractures

Lung Contusion and Laceration

Aortic Injury

Pneumomediastinum

Pediatric Interstitial Lung Diseases

Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy

Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis

Alveolar Growth Abnormality

Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders

Swyer-James

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary

Miscellaneous

Asthma

Bronchial Obstruction

Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary

Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body

Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome

Pectus Excavatum

Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance

Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall

Chest Wall Mesenchymal Hamartoma

Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis

SECTION 3: CARDIAC

Approach to Pediatric Heart

Congenital Heart Disease

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Atrioventricular Septal Defect

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Tetralogy of Fallot

Pulmonary Atresia

Ebstein Anomaly

D-Transposition of Great Arteries

L-Transposition of Great Arteries

Tricuspid Atresia

Truncus Arteriosus

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Left Coronary Artery Anomalous Origin

Double-Outlet Right Ventricle

Aortic Coarctation

Aortic Stenosis

Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

Scimitar Syndrome

Surgical Procedures for Congenital Heart Disease

Blalock-Taussig Shunt

Sano Shunt

Glenn Shunt

Fontan Operation

Norwood Procedure

Arterial Switch Procedure

Amplatzer Occluder Device

Cardiomyopathies

Myocarditis

Left Ventricular Noncompaction

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related

Cardiomyopathy

Miscellaneous

Heterotaxia Syndromes

Rhabdomyoma

Kawasaki Disease

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Marfan Syndrome

Loeys-Dietz Syndrome

SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL

Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract

Normal Pediatric Variants

Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction

Position

Normal Variations of Cecal Position

Age-Related Appearance of Spleen

Neonatal Upper Intestinal Obstructions

Malrotation

Midgut Volvulus

Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis

Duodenal Web

Pyloric Atresia

Neonatal Lower Intestinal Obstructions

Jejunoileal Atresia

Colonic Atresia

Multiple Intestinal Atresias

Meconium Ileus

Neonatal Small Left Colon

Hirschsprung Disease

Anorectal Malformations

Other Neonatal Gastrointestinal Disorders

Meconium Peritonitis

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Upper Gastrointestinal Abnormalities Typically Seen in Infants and Young Children

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Gastric Volvulus

Ingested Coins

Ingested Button Batteries

Ingested Multiple Magnets

Abnormalities of Abdominal Wall

Hernias

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS

Limb-Body Wall Complex

Other Abnormalities Associated with Bowel Obstruction

Appendicitis

Ileocolic Intussusception

Meckel Diverticulum

Colonic Volvulus

Internal Hernia

Segmental Volvulus

Liver Abnormalities

Hepatoblastoma

Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital

Hepatic Mesenchymal Hamartoma

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

Hepatic Adenoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma

Biliary Atresia

Choledochal Cyst

Caroli Disease

Hepatic Fibrosis/Cirrhosis

Steatosis/Steatohepatitis

Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease

Abernethy Malformation

Liver Transplant Complications

Splenic Abnormalities

Wandering Spleen

Splenic Infarct

Splenic Cysts

Cat-Scratch Disease

Pancreatic Abnormalities

Pancreatoblastoma

Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm

Pancreas Divisum

Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction

Annular Pancreas

Pancreatitis

Mesenteric Abnormalities

Primary Mesenteric Adenitis

Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation

Omental Infarction

Trauma

Hypoperfusion Complex

Bowel Injury

Hepatic Trauma

Splenic Trauma

Duodenal Trauma

Pancreatic Trauma

Abnormalities in Immunocompromised Children

Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Pseudomembranous Colitis

Neutropenic Colitis

Graft-vs.-Host Disease

Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Childhood

Pneumatosis in Older Children

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Crohn Disease

Ulcerative Colitis

Miscellaneous

Esophageal Strictures

Bezoars

Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts

Small Bowel Intussusception

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract

Burkitt Lymphoma

Castleman Disease

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor

Abdominal Aneurysms

SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY

Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract

Normal Developmental Changes

Normal Neonatal Kidney

Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland

Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries

Congenital Urinary Tract Abnormalities

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Vesicoureteral Reflux

Ureteropelvic Duplications

Ureterocele

Primary Megaureter

Megaureter-Megacystis

Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis

Syndrome

Prune-Belly Syndrome

Posterior Urethral Valves

Urachal Abnormalities

Cloaca

Bladder Exstrophy

Renal Ectopia and Fusion

Renal Agenesis

Multicystic Renal Disease

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive

Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant

Renal Masses

Wilms Tumor

Nephroblastomatosis

Multilocular Cystic Nephroma

Mesoblastic Nephroma

Rhabdoid Tumor

Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney

Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy

Renal Medullary Carcinoma

Angiomyolipoma

Miscellaneous Renal Conditions

Pyelonephritis

Renal Injury

Renal Stones

Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary

Hyperechogenicity

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Artery Stenosis

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Bladder Abnormalities

Neurogenic Bladder

Bladder Diverticula

Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance

Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary

Adrenal Abnormalities

Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Neuroblastoma, Adrenal/Retroperitoneal

Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Pheochromocytoma

Uterine and Ovarian Abnormalities

Hydrometrocolpos

Müllerian Duct Anomalies

Ovarian Cyst

Ovarian Teratoma

Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood

Ovarian Torsion

Ectopic Ovary

Scrotal/Testicular Abnormalities

Epididymoorchitis

Testicular Torsion

Torsion of Testicular Appendage

Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma

Testicular Tumors

Testicular Trauma

Ectopic Testicle

Variations of Hydroceles

SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL

Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System

Normal Developmental Changes

Primary and Secondary Growth Centers

Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion

Normal Developmental Variants Confused With

Disease

Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity

Congenital Anomalies

VACTERL Association

Polydactyly

Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia

Tibial Bowing

Arthrogryposis

Clubfoot

Discoid Meniscus

Trauma: General

Physeal Fractures

Apophyseal Injuries

Incomplete Fractures

Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture

Child Abuse, Other Fractures

Stress Injuries

Osteochondroses

Osteochondritis Dissecans

Fracture Complications

Orthopedic Hardware and Complications

Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic

Morel-Lavallée Lesion

Muscle Hernia

Trauma: Upper Extremity

Supracondylar Fracture

Lateral Condylar Fracture

Medial Epicondyle Avulsion

Forearm Fractures

Trauma: Lower Extremity

ACL Injuries

Patellar Dislocation

Patellar Sleeve Avulsion

Tibial Tubercle Avulsion

Triplane Fracture

Juvenile Tillaux Fracture

Infection

Osteomyelitis

Syphilis

Septic Arthritis

Transient Synovitis

Soft Tissue Abscess

Soft Tissue Masses

Infantile Hemangioma, Musculoskeletal

Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma

Venous Malformation, Musculoskeletal

Lymphatic Malformation, Musculoskeletal

Arteriovenous Malformation, Musculoskeletal

Fibromatosis

Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis

Plexiform Neurofibroma

Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal

Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Granuloma Annulare

Myositis Ossificans

Focal, Multifocal, And Diffuse Bone Lesions

Ewing Sarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Leukemia

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Fibroxanthoma

Osteoid Osteoma

Chondroblastoma

Osteochondroma

Oncologic Hardware and Complications

Abnormalities of Hip

Developmental Hip Dysplasia

Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Constitutional Disorders Of Bone

Achondroplasia

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteopetrosis

Rheumatologic Diseases

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Dermatomyositis

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

Miscellaneous

Rickets

Sickle Cell Disease

Scoliosis

Tarsal Coalition

Brachial Plexopathy

Hemophilia

SECTION 7: BRAIN

Approach to Pediatric Brain

Normal Developmental Variation

Normal Myelination

Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces

Congenital Malformations

Dandy-Walker Continuum

Other Cerebellar Malformations

Cephalocele

Holoprosencephalies

Callosal Anomalies

Hemimegalencephaly

Lissencephaly

Heterotopic Gray Matter

Schizencephaly

Polymicrogyria

Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Chiari 1

Chiari 2

Phakomatoses

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Tuberous Sclerosis

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Infantile Hemangioma and PHACES Association

Neurocutaneous Melanosis

Cysts and Neoplasms

Colloid Cyst

Arachnoid Cyst

Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts

Pineal Cyst

Enlarged Perivascular Spaces

Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Medulloblastoma

Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor

Ependymoma

Brainstem Tumors

DNET

Ganglioglioma

Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors

CNS-PNET

Craniopharyngioma

Germinoma, Brain

Choroid Plexus Tumors

Traumatic and Vascular Lesions

Child Abuse, Brain

Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

White Matter Injury of Prematurity

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Childhood Stroke

Moyamoya

Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation

Arteriovenous Malformation, Brain

Cavernous Malformation

Childhood Aneurysms, Brain

Metabolic, Infectious, and Inflammatory Disorders

Metabolic Brain Disease

Mitochondrial Encephalopathies

Leukodystrophies

TORCH Infections

Brain Abscess

Acute Encephalitis

Demyelinating Diseases

SECTION 8: SPINE

Approach to Pediatric Spine

Congenital Spinal Malformations

Myelomeningocele

Lipomyelomeningocele

Dorsal Dermal Sinus

Caudal Regression

Split Cord Malformation

Terminal Myelocystocele

Neurenteric Cyst

Tethered Spinal Cord

Scoliosis

Syringomyelia

NEOPLASMS

Spinal Cord Ependymoma

Spinal Cord Astrocytoma

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Inflammatory Lesions

Discitis/Osteomyelitis

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Transverse Myelitis

TRAUMA

Craniocervical Junction Injuries

Chance Fracture

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK

Approach to Neonatal Head & Neck Masses

Nasal and Sinus Cavities

Nasal Dermal Sinus

Juvenile Angiofibroma

Acute Rhinosinusitis

ORBIT

Orbital Cellulitis

Retinoblastoma

Temporal Bone

Congenital Auricle Malformations

Large Vestibular Aqueduct (IP-II)

Congenital Cholesteatoma

Acquired Cholesteatoma

Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess

Syndromes With Craniofacial Involvement

CHARGE Syndrome

Branchiootorenal Syndrome

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Pierre Robin Sequence

Neck Masses

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Branchial Cleft Anomalies

Acute Parotitis

Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial

Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck

Fibromatosis Colli

Suppurative Adenitis

Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical