The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Cardiovascular System

• Section 1 - Anatomy

• Thorax: Lungs In Situ: Anterior View

Thorax: Heart In Situ

Thorax: Mediastinum: Cross Section

Thorax: Pericardial Sac

Exposure of the Heart: Anterior Exposure

Exposure of the Heart: Base and Diaphragmatic Surfaces

Atria and Ventricles: Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

Atria and Ventricles: Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

Atria and Ventricles: Atria, Ventricles and Interventricular Septum

Valves: Cardiac Valves Open and Closed

Valves: Valves and Fibrous Skeleton of Heart

Specialized Conduction System of Heart

Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: Sternocostal and Diaphragmatic Surfaces

Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: Arteriovenous Variations

Innervation of Heart: Nerves of Heart

Innervation of Heart: Schema of Innervation

Section 2 - Physiology

Cardiovascular Examination: Events in the Cardiac Cycle: Left Ventricle

Cardiovascular Examination: Important Components of Cardiac Examination

Cardiovascular Examination: Positions for Cardiac Auscultation

Cardiovascular Examination: Areas of Cardiac Auscultation

Cardiovascular Examination: Murmurs

Neural and Humoral Regulation of Cardiac Function

Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy

Cardiac Catheterization: Vascular Access

Cardiac Catheterization: Left-Sided Heart Catheterization

Cardiac Catheterization: Normal Saturations (O2) and Pressure

Cardiac Catheterizations: Examples of O2 and Pressure Findings and Pressure Tracings in Heart Diseases

Cardiac Catheterizations: Normal Cardiac Blood Flow During Inspiration and Expiration

Specialized Conduction System: Physiology of Specialized Conduction System

Specialized Conduction System: Electrical Activity of the Heart

Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiographic Leads and Reference Lines

Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization and Mean Instantaneous Vectors: Progression of Depolarization

Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization and Mean Instantaneous Vectors: End of Depolarization Followed by Repolarization

Axis Deviation in Normal Electrocardiogram

Atrial Enlargement

Ventricular Hypertrophy

Bundle Branch Block

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Sinus and Atrial Arrhythmias

Premature Contraction

Sinus Arrest, Sinus Block, and Atrioventricular Block

Tachycardia, Fibrillation, and Atrial Flutter

Effect of Digitalis and Calcium/Potassium Levels on Electrocardiograms

Cardiac Pacing: Dual Chamber and Biventricular

Section 3 - Imaging

Radiology: Frontal Projection

Radiology: Right Anterior Oblique Projection

Radiology: Left Anterior Oblique Projection

Radiology: Lateral Projection

Angiocardiography: Anteroposterior Projection of Right-Sided Heart Structures

Angiocardiography: Lateral Projection of Right-Sided Heart Structures

Angiocardiography: Anteroposterior Projection of Left-Sided Heart Structures

Angiocardiography: Lateral Projection of Left-Sided Heart Structures

Catheter-Based Coronary Angiography: Right Coronary Artery: Arteriographic Views

Catheter-Based Coronary Angiography: Left Coronary Artery: Arteriographic Views

Intravascular Ultrasound

Transthoracic Cardiac Ultrasound

Doppler Echocardiography

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Exercise and Contrast Echocardiography

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Ventriculography

Computed Tomographic Angiography: Cardiac Cycle and Calcium Contrast Studies

Computed Topographic Angiography: Interpretation

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Continued)

Section 4 - Embryology

Early Embryonic Development

Early Intraembryonic Vasculogenesis

Formation of the Heart Tube: One-Somite and Two-Somite Stages

Formation of the Heart Tube: Four-Somite and Seven-Somite Stages

Formation of the Heart Loop: 10-Somite and 14-Somite Stages

Formation of the Heart Loop: 20-Somite Stage

Formation of Cardiac Septa: Development of Ventricles and Atrioventricular Valves

Formation of the Cardiac Septa: 27 and 29 Days

Formation of the Cardiac Septa: 31 and 33 Days

Formation of the Cardiac Septa: 37 and 55 Days

Formation of the Cardiac Septa: Heart Tube Derivatives

Formation of the Cardiac Septa: Partitioning of the Heart Tube: Atrial Septation

Formation of the Cardiac: Embryonic Origins, Right and Left Sides

Development of Major Blood Vessels: 3, 4, and 10mm

Development of Major Blood Vessels: 14mm, 17mm, and at Term

Development of Major Blood Vessels: 4, 10, and 14mm

Development of Major Blood Vessels: 7mm, 24mm, and at Term

Fetal Circulation Pattern and Changes at Birth

Three Early Vascular Systems

Section 5 - Congenital Heart Disease

Physical Examination: Diagnostic Clues to Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiac Vein Anomalies

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Surgery for Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

Anomalies of the Atria

Defects of the Atrial Septum: Anatomy

Defects of the Atrial Septum: Surgery

Defects of the Atrial Septum: Septal Occluder Device

Endocardial Cushion Defects: Anatomy and Embryology

Endocardial Cushion Defects: Surgery for Ostium Primum and Cleft Mitral Valve

Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Tricuspid Atresia

Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Glenn Surgery for Tricuspid Atresia

Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Ebsteins Anomaly

Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve: Types of Ebsteins Anomaly

Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum

Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum (Continued)

Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum: Transatrial Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect

Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Tetralogy of Fallot

Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Pathophysiology and Blalock-Taussig Operation for Tetralogy of Fallot

Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Corrective Operation for Tetralogy of Fallot

Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Eisenmenger Complex and Double-Outlet Right Ventricle

Anomalies of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis and Atresia

Anomalies of Left Ventricular Outlfow Tract: Aortic Atresia, Bicuspid Aortic Valve, and Aortic Vavular Stenosis

Anomalies of Left Ventricular Outlfow Tract: Fibrous and Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenoses

Anomalies of Left Ventricular Outlfow Tract: Norwood Correction of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Transposition of the Great Vessels

Transposition of the Great Vessels: Mustard and Blalock-Hanlon Operations

Transposition of the Great Vessels: Balloon Atrial Septostomy and Arterial Repair of Transpoistion of the Great Arteries

Transposition of the Great Vessels With Inversion of the Ventricles

Anomalies of the Truncus Septum

Anomalous Left Coronary Artery and Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva

Anomalous Coronary Arteries Seen in Adult Patients

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Double Aortic Arch and Right Aortic Arch Anomalies

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Anomalous Origins of the Pulmonary Artery 

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Anatomic Features of Aortic Coarctation in Older Children and Neonates

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch System: Coarctation of Aorta

Endocardial Fibroelastosis and Glycogen Storage Disease

Section 6 - Acquired Heart Disease

                    ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Structure of Coronary Arteries 

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Risk Factors in Etiology of Atherosclerosis

Pathologic Changes in Coronary Artery Disease

End-Organ Damage by Vascular Disease

Unstable Plaque Formation

Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis

CHRONIC ANGINA

Overview of Myocardial Ischemia

Angina Pectoris

Detection of Myocardial Ischemia

Degree of Flow-Limiting Stenoses

Left-Sided Heart Angiography

Fractional Flow Reserve

Chronic Angina Revascularization Procedures: Stent Deployment

Chronic Angina Revascularization Procedures: Rotational Atherectomy and Distal Protection Device

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES

Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart

Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart (Continued)

Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart (Continued)

Myocardial Infarction: Changes in the Heart (Continued)

Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction: First Day to Several Weeks

Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction: Effects of Myocardial Ischemia, Injury and Infarction on ECG

Recanalization of Occluded Coronary Artery in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation

ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

Rheumatic Fever in Sydenhams Chorea: Infection, Disease Course, and Heart Muscle

Rheumatic Fever in Sydenhams Chorea: Noncardiac Manifestations

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Acute Pericarditis and Myocarditis

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Acute Valvular Involvement

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Residual Changes of Acute Rheumatic Carditis

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Pathologic Anatomy

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects 

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Secondary Anatomic Effects

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Secondary Pulmonary Effects

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Thromboembolic Complications

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Thromboembolic Complications: Principal Sites of Embolism from Left Artial Thrombosis

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis: Thromboembolic Complications: Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty

Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Regurgitation Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects 

Mitral Valve Clip

Mitral Valve Repair

Mitral Valve Prolapse

AORTIC AND VASCULAR DISEASE

Aortic Stenosis: Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Causes

Aortic Stenosis: Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Causes (Continued)

Aortic Regurgitation: Pathology

Aortic Regurgitation: Pathology (Continued)

Transcutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement

Cystic Medial Necrosis of Aorta

Cystic Medial Necrosis of Aorta: Surgical Management

Syphilitic Aortic Disease

PROSTHETIC VALVE SURGERY

First Generation of Synthetic Prosthetic Valves

Second Generation of Synthetic Prosthetic Valves and Biologic Valves

Mitral Valve Replacement

Aortic Valve Replacement

Excision of Aortic Aneurysm and Replacement of Aortic Valve for Cystic Medial Necrosis

Multiple Valve Replacement

Insertion of Trileaflet Aortic Valve

Aortic Valve Biologic Grafts

TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE

Tricuspid Stenosis and Regurgitation and Multivalvular Disease Tricuspid Stenosis and/or Insufficiency 

MYOCARDITIS, AMYLOID, AND OTHER CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Amyloidosis

Septic Myocarditis

Diphtheritic and Viral Myocarditis

Myocarditis in Sarcoidosis and Scleroderma

Idiopathic Myocarditis

Endomyocardial Fibrosis

Löfflers Endocarditis

Beckers Disease

Beriberi

Cardiomyopathies

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and the Heart

Substance Abuse and the Heart

PERICARDIAL DISEASE

Presentation and Treatment of Pericarditis

Etiologies of Pericarditis

Constrictive Pericarditis

ACUTE AND CHRONIC COR PULMONALE AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Acute Cor Pulmonale and Pulmonary Embolism: Massive Embolization

Acute Cor Pulmonale and Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism of Lesser Degree Without Infarction

Lesions That May Cause Pulmonary Hypertension and Chronic Cor Pulmonale

Chronic Cor Pulmonale

Deep Vein Thrombosis

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

Infective Endocarditis: Portals of Entry and Predisposing Lesion

Early Lesions of Infective Endocarditis

Advanced Lesions of Infective Endocarditis

Right-Side Heart Involvement in Infective Endocarditis

Cardiac Sequelae of Infective Endocarditis

Mycotic Aneurysms and Emboli in the Heart

Remote Embolic Effects of Infective Endocarditis

Nonbacterial Thrombotic (Marantic) Endocarditis

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AND HYPOTHERMIA THERAPY

External Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 

Internal Cardiac Massage

Defibrillation

CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Polymyositis and Dermatomyocytis

Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS AND CARDIAC DISEASE

Acromegaly

Hyperthyroidism: Thyrotoxicosis

Hypothyroidism: Myxedema

Cushings Syndrome

Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Mineralocorticoid Hypertension

Pheochromocytoma

HEART TUMORS

Myxoma and Rhabdomyoma

Metastatic Tumors of the Heart

HYPERTENSION

Hypertension Regulation: Interdependent and Interacting Factors in Blood Pressure Regulation

Etiology of Hypertension 

Hypertension Regulation: Renin-Angiotensin System

Hypertension Regulation: Wave Reflection and Isolated Systolic Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension Possibly Amenable to Surgery 

Retinal Changes in Hypertension

Occlusive Disease of Main Renal Artery

Occlusive Disease of Main Renal Artery (Continued)

Kidneys and Hypertension

Heart Disease in Hypertension

Heart Disease in Hypertension (Continued)

Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure Disease

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension

NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Myotonic Dystrophy

Friedreichs Ataxia

Disorders of Potassium Metabolism

PENETRATING AND NONPENETRATING HEART TRAUMA

Cardiac Tamponade in Penetrating Heart Wounds

Relative Distribution of Penetrating Heart Wounds 

Variable Course of Penetrating Heart Wounds

Thoracotomy and Cardiorrhaphy

Thoracotomy and Cardiorrhaphy (Continued) 

Nonpenetrating Heart Wounds: Pathogeneis and Variable Course of Cardiac Contusion

Nonpenetrating Heart Wounds: Myocardial Rupture and Valvular Injuries

Nonpenetrating Heart Wounds: Mechanism of Sudden Cardiac Death in Commotio Cordis

PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION PROCEDURES

Percutaneous Approaches to Reduce Cerebral Emboli

Cerebrovascular Emboli Protection Device

Interventional Approaches to Peripheral Arterial Disease

HEART FAILURE

Right-Sided and Left-Sided Heart Failure and Systemic Congestion: Physical Examination

Right-Sided and Left-Sided Heart Failure in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Pulmonary Congestion

Pulmonary Congestion or Edema of Cardiac and Other Origins

Causes and Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Edema 

Cardiac Origins of Peripheral or Systemic Congestion or Edema

Therapy for Pulmonary Edema and Paroxysmal Dyspnea

Biventricular Pacing and Intracardiac Defibrillator: Benefit of Biventricular Pacing

Biventricular Pacing and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator

Diastolic Heart Failure

Heart Transplantation: Orthotopic Biatrial Cardiac Transplantation

Heart Transplantation: Bicaval Cardiac Transplantation

Heart Transplantation: HeartMate XVE and II Left Ventricular Assist Systems

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN YOUNG ATHLETES

Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

SYNCOPE

Management of Syncope

PARASITIC DISEASE AND THE HEART

Trichinosis

Chagas Disease (Trypanosomiasis)

Amebic Pericarditis

Echinococcus Infection and Hydatid Pericarditis