Veterinary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

1 A Philosophical Approach to Establishing a Diagnosis 1

2 Features of Normal Oral Tissues 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Oral Mucosa 5
2.3 Tonsil 9
2.4 Diffuse Salivary Gland 11
2.5 Lip 12
2.6 Incisive Papilla and Ducts 13
2.7 Lateral Nasal Gland 13
2.8 Teeth and Associated Tissues 14
2.9 Bone 24

3 Tooth Development (Odontogenesis) 29

4 Clinical Approach to Oral Disease and Oral Medicine of Domestic Carnivores 37
4.1 Clinical Approach to Oral Disease 37
4.2 Clinical Approach to Oral Medicine 41

5 Equine Oral Diseases 47
5.1 Introduction 47
5.2 Clinical Approach to Oral Diseases of Equids 47
5.3 Lesions Featuring Hypercementosis 51
5.4 Gingivitis, Periodontitis, and Pulpitis of Incisors and Cheek Teeth 57
5.5 Tooth Fractures 59
5.6 Peripheral and Infundibular Caries 61
5.7 Juvenile Mandibular Ossifying Fibroma 62
5.8 Sialoliths and Sialolithiasis 63
5.9 Diseases of the Equine Tongue 64

6 Conditions and Diseases of Teeth 69
6.1 Odontogenic Developmental Anomalies 69
6.2 Degenerative and Inflammatory Disorders of Teeth 82

7 Inflammation of the Soft Tissues and Jaw 107
7.1 Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa 107
7.2 Oral Inflammation of Dogs 110
7.3 Oral Inflammation in Cats 119
7.4 Inflammation of the Jaw 126

8 Virus-associated Oral Disease 143
8.1 Oral Papillomas and Plaques 143
8.2 Virus-associated Inflammatory Disease of the Oral Cavity 151

9 Immune-mediated/Autoimmune Dermatoses with Oral Involvement 159
9.1 Introduction 159
9.2 Pemphigus Vulgaris 159
9.3 Paraneoplastic Pemphigus 161
9.4 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid 162
9.5 Bullous Pemphigoid 163
9.6 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita 164
9.7 Lupus Erythematosus 165
9.8 Panepithelial Cytotoxic Stomatitis 168
9.9 Adverse Drug Reaction 170

10 Tumor-like Proliferative Lesions and Injury of the Oral Soft Tissues 175
10.1 Introduction 175
10.2 Trauma-associated Lesions 175
10.3 Ectopic Tissue (Choristoma) 181
10.4 Follicular Lymphoid Hyperplasia 182
10.5 Nasopharyngeal Polyps 183
10.6 Nodular Chondroid Hyperplasia/Degeneration of the Larynx and Epiglottis 183
10.7 Gingival Hyperplasia 184
10.8 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma 189
10.9 Fibromatous Hyperplasia of the Gingival Ligament 192

11 Non-neoplastic Lesions of the Skull and Jaw 207
11.1 Comments on Proliferative Fibro-osseous Lesions 207
11.2 Conditions Characterized by Osteolysis or Decreased Bone Density 208
11.3 Conditions Characterized by Osteoproliferation or Increased Bone Density 217
11.4 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 226
11.5 Jaw Fractures 228

12 Lesions of Tonsil, Tongue, and Lip 233
12.1 Lesions of the Tonsil 233
12.2 Lesions of the Tongue 239
12.3 Lesions of the Lip 265

13 Lesions of the Salivary Gland 275
13.1 Introduction 275
13.2 Non-neoplastic Salivary Gland Lesions 276
13.3 Salivary Gland Neoplasia 283

14 Oral Cysts 297
14.1 Odontogenic Cysts 297
14.2 Bone Cysts (Pseudocysts) 309

15 Odontogenic Tumors 313
15.1 Approach to Odontogenic Neoplasms 313
15.2 Tumors Composed of Odontogenic Epithelium 320
15.3 Tumors Composed of Odontogenic Epithelium with Induction 339
15.4 Ectopic Odontogenic Tumors 355

16 Neoplasia of the Oral Soft Tissues 361
16.1 Melanocytic Tumors 361
16.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 373
16.3 Oral Lymphoma 388
16.4 Granular Cell Tumor 393
16.5 Mast Cell Tumor 394
16.6 Plasma Cell Tumor (Plasmacytoma) 397
16.7 Vascular Tumors 401

17 Neoplasia of the Jaw 409
17.1 Osteoma 409
17.2 Ossifying Fibroma (Cemento-ossifying Fibroma) 413
17.3 Maxillofacial Osteosarcaoma (OSA) 416
17.4 Multilobular Sarcoma of Bone 426
17.5 Chondrosarcoma 430
17.6 Fibroma (Gingival Mucoperiosteal Fibroma) 434
17.7 Fibrosarcoma (FSA) 437
17.8 Sarcomas of Undetermined Origin 444

Appendix 457
A.1 Normal Dentition of Dogs, Cats, and Horses 457
A.2 Interpreting a Pathology Report 457
A.3 Processing Teeth Submitted as Biopsy Specimens 460
A.4 Recommended Best Practices for Grossing Mandibulectomy and Maxillectomy Surgical Specimens 461

Index 469