Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses: A Clinical Approach

Preface x

Acknowledgments xi

About the Companion Website xii

Section 1 Anatomy 1

1 Directional and Anatomical Terms 3

Introduction 3

Directional Terms 4

Additional Terminology 4

Review Questions 11

2 Anatomy of the Common Integument 13

Introduction 13

Skin 13

Pads 15

Haircoat 16

Claws 18

Hooves and Horns 18

Review Questions 20

3 Anatomy of the Senses 21

Introduction 21

General Senses 21

Special Senses 22

Anatomy of Taste 22

Anatomy of Smell 22

Anatomy of Hearing 23

Anatomy of Equilibrium 24

Anatomy of Vision 25

Review Questions 28

4 Skeletal Anatomy 29

Introduction 29

Vocabulary 29

Bone Categories 29

The Skeleton 31

The Appendicular Skeleton 31

The Thoracic Limb 31

The Pelvic Limb 33

The Pelvis 34

The Axial Skeleton 36

The Skull 36

The Ribs and Sternum 38

The Vertebrae 40

The Named Vertebrae 41

Equines 42

Bovines 43

Bird Bones 43

The Bone That Isn’t 43

Review Questions 44

5 Joint Anatomy 47

Introduction 47

Movement 47

Joint Types 48

Fibrous Joints 48

Cartilaginous Joints 48

Synovial Joints 49

The Skull 50

The Ribs and Vertebral Column 51

The Pelvis and The Hip 51

The Shoulder and Thoracic Limb 51

The Pelvic Limb 52

Review Questions 53

6 Muscle Anatomy 55

Introduction 55

Cellular Anatomy 55

Skeletal Muscle 57

The Head and Neck 58

The Thorax 58

The Dorsum 60

The Abdomen 60

The Pelvis 60

The Limbs 61

The Thoracic Limb 61

The Pelvic Limb 62

Smooth Muscle 63

Review Questions 64

7 Anatomy of the Nervous System 67

Introduction 67

The Neuron 67

The Synapse 68

The Meninges 68

The Brain 69

The Cerebrum 69

The Cerebellum 70

The Brainstem 70

Diencephalon 70

The Blood–Brain

Barrier 70

Cranial Nerves 71

The Spinal Cord 72

Peripheral Nervous System 73

Review Questions 74

8 Anatomy of the Endocrine System 77

Introduction 77

The Hypothalamus 77

The Pituitary 77

Pineal Gland 78

The Peripheral Endocrine System 78

The Thyroid 78

The Parathyroid 78

The Adrenals 79

The Pancreas 79

The Gonads 79

The Kidney 80

The Gastrointestinal Tract 80

The Thymus 80

Review Questions 81

9 Anatomy of the Urinary Tract 83

Introduction 83

The Kidneys 83

The Nephron 84

The Ureters 86

The Urinary Bladder 86

The Urethra 87

Avian 87

Review Questions 88

10 Cardiovascular Anatomy 89

Introduction 89

The Heart 89

The Exterior of the Heart 90

The Interior of the Heart 91

Peripheral Circulation 92

Arteries 92

Veins 93

Lymphatics 93

The Named Arteries 94

The Named Veins 96

Review Questions 98

11 Respiratory Anatomy 101

Introduction 101

Entry into the Respiratory System 101

The Larynx 102

The Trachea and Lungs 103

The Pleura 104

The Anatomy of Breathing 104

Species Differentiation 104

Clinical Considerations 105

Review Questions 106

12 Gastrointestinal Anatomy 107

Introduction 107

Canines and Felines 107

The Oral Cavity 107

Dentition 108

The Pharynx and Esophagus 110

The Stomach 111

The Liver 112

The Intestines 112

Species Variation 114

Review Questions 116

13 Reproductive Anatomy 119

Introduction 119

The Female 119

The Male 122

Review Questions 125

Section 2 Physiology 127

14 The Cell and Hematology 129

Introduction 129

Mammalian Cell Anatomy 129

The Production of Energy 130

Mammalian Cell Boundaries 131

Hematology 132

Red Blood Cells 132

Platelets 132

White Blood Cells 132

Review Questions 134

15 Functions of the Common Integument 137

Introduction 137

Skin 137

Protection 137

Thermoregulation 138

Hydration 139

Other Functions 139

Clinical Considerations 139

Glands 140

Hair 141

The Pads 142

Claws, Nails, and Hooves 142

Antlers, Horns, and Beaks 142

Review Questions 143

16 Sensory Physiology 145

Introduction 145

Receptors and Signals 145

The Visual System 146

Structures of the Eye 146

Function of the Eye 147

Proprioception and Equilibrium 148

The Auditory System 149

The Olfactory System 149

The Gustatory System 150

The Tactile System 150

Specialized Receptors 150

Review Questions 151

17 Osteology 153

Introduction 153

The Growth of Bones 153

Bone Marrow 154

Cartilage 155

Avians 155

Review Questions 156

18 Physiology of Joints 159

Introduction 159

The Immoveable Joints 159

The Moveable Joints 160

Connective Tissues 160

The Synovial Joint 161

Review Questions 162

19 Muscle Physiology 165

Introduction 165

Striated Muscle 165

The Generation of a Muscle Contraction 166

Skeletal Muscle versus Cardiac Muscle 167

Adenosine Triphosphate 167

The Basis of Speed 168

Non-Striated

Muscle 168

Innervation 169

Review Questions 170

20 Neurophysiology 171

Introduction 171

The Neuron 171

The Action Potential 173

Signal Transmission 174

Central and Peripheral Functions 175

The Brain 175

The Autonomic Nervous System 176

Review Questions 178

21 Endocrine Physiology 181

Introduction 181

Endocrine Glands 181

Regulation of Hormones 181

Hormone Types 182

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 183

The Anterior Pituitary 183

The Posterior Pituitary 184

The Thyroid Gland 184

Parathyroid Gland 186

The Adrenal Gland 187

The Pancreas and Insulin 188

Other Endocrine Activities 189

Prostaglandins and Pheromones 189

Review Questions 190

22 Renal Physiology 193

Introduction 193

The Nephron 193

Renal Excretion and Reabsorption of Water 195

Acid–Base

Balance 196

Blood Pressure and the Renal System 196

Uremia 197

Anemia and the Kidney 197

Species Differences 198

Review Questions 198

23 Cardiovascular Physiology 201

Introduction 201

Cardiac Muscle 201

The Heartbeat 202

De-and

Repolarization 202

Cardiac Conduction System 202

Rhythm 203

Cardiac Output 204

Flow Through the Heart and Back 205

Vasculature 206

Blood Pressure 206

Autonomic Nervous System Involvement 207

The Lymphatic System 208

Review Questions 209

24 Respiratory Physiology 211

Introduction 211

The Basics 211

Ventilation and Temperature 212

Residual Capacity 213

Thoracic Pressure 213

The Nervous System and Respiration 213

The Rhythmicity of Breathing 214

Gas Exchange 214

Hemoglobin 215

Carbon Dioxide 216

Chemoreceptors 216

Mechanisms to Increase Oxygenation 217

Species Differences 217

Review Questions 218

25 Digestive Physiology 221

Introduction 221

The Entryway 221

Teeth 222

Moving Toward the Stomach 222

The Stomach 223

Entering the Small Intestine 224

The Colon 226

The Liver 226

Species Differentiation 227

Review Questions 228

26 Reproductive Physiology 231

Introduction 231

The Female 231

Hormonal Control 232

Other Factors Affecting the Estrous Cycle 233

The Male 233

Fertilization and Pregnancy 234

Parturition 235

Review Questions 236

Appendix 1 Dissection Notes 239

Appendix 2 The Cranial Nerves 241

Appendix 3 Sel‎ected Muscle Origins and Insertions 243

Appendix 4 Common Abbreviations 245

Glossary 251

References 255

Index 257