Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament

About the Editor xi

Foreword to the Second Edition xiii
Kenneth A. Johnson

Foreword xv
R. Randy Basinger, ACVS Foundation

Preface xvii
Peter Muir

Acknowledgements xix
Peter Muir

Contributing Authors xxi

I Structure and Function 1

Introduction 1
Peter Muir

1 Morphology and Function of the Cruciate Ligaments 3
Hilde de Rooster and Eithne Comerford

2 Biomechanics of the Cruciate Ligaments 13
Susannah J. Sample

3 Cruciate Ligament Remodeling and Repair 21
Connie S. Chamberlain, Erin E. Crowley, and Ray Vanderby Jr.

4 Meniscal Structure and Function 31
Antonio Pozzi and James L. Cook

5 Biomechanics of the Normal and Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Stifle 39
Antonio Pozzi and Stanley E. Kim

II Etiopathogenesis of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 45

Introduction 45
Peter Muir

6 Histology of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 47
Kei Hayashi

7 Genetics of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 57
Lauren A. Baker and Peter Muir

8 Cruciate Ligament Matrix Metabolism and Development of Laxity 65
Eithne Comerford

9 Morphological Risk Factors for Cruciate Ligament Rupture 73
Eithne Comerford

10 Role of Nitric Oxide Production and Matrix Protease Activity in Cruciate Ligament Degeneration 81
David E. Spreng and Simone Forterre

11 Role of Antibodies to Collagen Type I and II 89
Hilde de Rooster and Eithne Comerford

12 Synovitis Precedes Stifle Instability Associated with Cruciate Ligament Rupture 93
Jason A. Bleedorn

13 Role of Synovial Immune Responses in Stifle Synovitis 101
Peter Muir

III Clinical Features 107

Introduction 107
Peter Muir

14 Epidemiology of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 109
Lauren A. Baker and Peter Muir

15 History and Clinical Signs of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 115
Peter Muir

16 Partial Rupture of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament 119
Peter Muir

17 Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture 123
Peter Muir

18 Stress Imaging of the Stifle 127
Stanley E. Kim

19 Stifle Ultrasonography 135
Cristi R. Cook

20 Computed Tomography (CT) of the Stifle 141
Ingrid Gielen and Henri van Bree

21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Stifle 155
Peter V. Scrivani

22 Risk Prediction of Cruciate Ligament Rupture using Stifle Diagnostic Imaging 165
Peter Muir

IV Surgical Treatment 169

Introduction 169
Peter Muir

23 Arthroscopy and Arthrotomy of the Stifle 171
Brian S. Beale, Donald A. Hulse, Antonio Pozzi, and Peter Muir

24 Joint Lavage 185
Peter Muir

25 Extracapsular Stabilization 189
Selena Tinga and Stanley E. Kim

26 Intra-Articular Repair for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in the Dog 201
Jeffery J. Biskup and Michael G. Conzemius

27 Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy 217
Susan L. Schaefer

28 Tibial Tuberosity Advancement 227
Randy J. Boudrieau

29 Closing Cranial Wedge Ostectomy and Triple Tibial Osteotomy 243
Simon C. Roe

30 Treatment of Excessive Tibial Plateau Angle 253
Michael P. Kowaleski

31 Surgical Management of Cruciate Ligament Rupture Combined with Patella Luxation 261
Anke Langenbach and Denis J. Marcellin-Little

32 Biomechanics of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Stifle Treated by Tibial Osteotomies 271
Antonio Pozzi, Stanley E. Kim, and Selena Tinga

33 Arthroscopic Follow-Up after Surgical Stabilization of the Stifle 279
Brian S. Beale and Donald A. Hulse

34 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Debridement 291
David E. Spreng

35 Surgical Treatment of Concurrent Meniscal Injury 295
Samuel P. Franklin, James L. Cook, and Antonio Pozzi

36 Meniscal Release 301
Antonio Pozzi and James L. Cook

37 Progression of Osteoarthritis after Stifle Stabilization Surgery 307
Susannah J. Sample

38 Clinical Outcomes after Surgical Treatment of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 313
Mary Sarah Bergh and Steven C. Budsberg

39 Success and Failure after Stifle Stabilization Surgery 317
Michael G. Conzemius and Richard B. Evans

40 Diagnosis and Management of Orthopaedic Infection after Stifle Surgery 323
Noel M.M. Moens

V Medical Management of Cruciate Ligament Rupture 331

Introduction 331
Peter Muir

41 Medical Therapy for Stifle Osteoarthritis 333
Steven C. Budsberg

42 Rehabilitation for Dogs with Cruciate Ligament Rupture 343
Denis J. Marcellin-Little and Courtney J. Arnoldy

VI Future Directions 353

Introduction 353
Peter Muir

43 Clinical Research Design and Patient-Oriented Outcomes 355
Dorothy Cimino Brown

44 Total Knee Replacement in the Dog 363
Matthew J. Allen, William D. Liska, and Valentina Brioschi

45 Regenerative Medicine and Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair 371
Gabriel S. Perrone, Martha M. Murray, and Patrick Vavken

46 Disease-Modifying Medical and Cell-Based Therapy 379
Susannah J. Sample and Peter Muir

Index 385