Body schema is a system of sensory-motor capacities that function without awareness or the necessity of perceptual monitoring. Body image consists of a system of perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs pertaining to ones own body. In 2005 Shaun Gallagher published an influential book entitled How the Body Shapes the Mind (OUP). That book not only defined both body schema and body image, but explored the complicated relationship between the two. It also established the idea that there is a double dissociation, whereby body schema and body image refer to two different but closely related systems. Given that many kinds of pathological cases can be described in terms of body schema and body image (phantom limbs,asomatognosia, apraxia, schizophrenia, anorexia, depersonalization, and body dysmorphic disorder, among others), we might expect to find a growing consensus about these concepts and the relevant neural activities connected to these systems. Instead, an examination of the scientific literature reveals continuedambiguity and disagreement. This volume brings together leading experts from the fields of philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry in a lively and productive dialogue. It explores fundamental questions about the relationship between body schema and body image, and addresses ongoing debates about the role of the brain and the role of social and cultural factors in our understanding of embodiment.
Part I: Theoretical clarification:Body schema and body image; What is the body schema?; The space of the body schema: putting the schema in movement; Body schema dynamics in Merleau-Ponty; A radical phenomenology of the body: subjectivity and sensations in body image and body schema; Body schema and body image in motor learning: refining Merleau-Pontys notion of body schema; Reimagining the body image; The body in the German neurology of the early 20th century; Part II: Brain, body and self; Plasticity and tool use in the body schema; Triadic body representations in the human cerebral cortex and peripheral nerves; Body models in humans, animals, and robots; From implicit to explicit body awareness in the first two years of life; Cross-referenced body and action for the unified self: empirical, developmental, and clinical perspectives; Growing up a self: on the relation between body image and the experience of the interoceptive body; Part III: Disorders, anomalies and therapies; The embodied and social self: insights on body image and body schema from neurological conditions; Unilateral body neglect: schemas vs images?; Neurological underpinnings of body image and body schema disturbances; Body schema and body image disturbances in individuals with multiple sclerosis; Body-schema and pain; Feeling of a presence and anomalous body perception; The body-image-body-schema/ownership-agency model for pathologies: four case studies;
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