Essential Periodontics

About the editors xi

List of contributors xii

Foreword xvii

Preface xviii

1 Introduction to periodontology/periodontics 1

Khalid Almas and Steph Smith

2 Anatomy and histology of the periodontium 3

Aditi Chopra and Steph Smith

3 Classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions 23

Khalid Almas and Steph Smith

4 Epidemiology and indices of periodontal disease 27

Ola Norderyd

5 Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases 31

5.1 The dental biofilm 32

Steph Smith

5.2 Calculus 60

Steph Smith and Khalid Almas

5.3 Genetics and periodontal disease 69

Steph Smith

5.4 Immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease 76

Steph Smith

5.5 Histopathogenesis of periodontal disease 98

Steph Smith

6 Periodontal health, gingival diseases and conditions 106

Steph Smith

7 Periodontitis 115

Steph Smith and Khalid Almas

8 Aggressive periodontitis 123

Steph Smith

9 Periodontal conditions and the female patient 130

Mea A. Weinberg and Stuart L. Segelnick

10 Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions 135

10.1 Systemic diseases or conditions affecting the periodontal supporting tissues 136

Anders Gustafsson

10.2.1 Periodontal abscess 141

Steph Smith

10.2.2 Endodontic-periodontal lesions 145

Steph Smith and Qiang Zhu

10.3 Mucogingival conditions and deformities 150

Steph Smith

10.4 Traumatic occlusal forces 156

Steph Smith

10.5 Prosthesis and tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-induced gingival diseases/periodontitis 160

Steph Smith

11 Periodontal soft and hard tissue pathology 166

Steph Smith

12 The periodontal examination 174

Steph Smith and Aditya Tadinada

13 Periodontal risk assessment 188

Khalid Almas

14 Prognosis and treatment planning for periodontal therapy 200

Steph Smith

15 Plaque control for the periodontal patient 207

Diana Macri and Salim Rayman

16 Non-surgical periodontal therapy 218

16.1.1 Periodontal instruments 219

Khalid Almas and Subraya Bhat

16.1.2 Principles of periodontal instrumentation 232

Khalid Almas and Subraya Bhat

16.1.3 Scaling and root planing 240

Subraya Bhat and Khalid Almas

16.2 Antimicrobials in periodontics 245

Subraya Bhat

16.3 Host modulation therapy 254

Subraya Bhat and Khalid Almas

17 Periodontal plastic surgery 260

Steph Smith, Arif Salman and Khalid Almas

18 Resective periodontal surgery 278

18.1 Gingivectomy/gingivoplasty 279

Arif Salman and Karo Parsegian

18.2 Periodontal flap surgery 284

Arif Salman and Murugan Thamaraiselvan

18.3 Osseous resective surgery 291

Arif Salman

19 Biomaterials in periodontal regeneration 297

Nader Hamdan, Zeeshan Sheikh, Haider Al-Waeli and Michael Glogauer

20 Periodontal sutures and suturing techniques 316

Nader Hamdan, Zeeshan Sheikh and Haider Al-Waeli

21 Periodontal wound healing 328

Michel V. Furtado Araujo, Farheen Malek and Steph Smith

22 Supportive periodontal therapy 338

Tara Taiyeb Ali

23 Periodontal medicine 345

Steph Smith

23.1 Periodontal disease, diabetes, and obesity 347

Steph Smith

23.2 Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease 362

Steph Smith

23.3 Periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 378

Steph Smith

23.4 Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes 386

Steph Smith

23.5 Periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis 396

Steph Smith

23.6 Periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease 402

Steph Smith

24 Autoimmune disorders affecting the periodontium 408

Mabi Singh and Adriane Kilar

25 Periodontal and medical emergencies 417

25.1 Management of periodontal emergencies 418

Subraya Bhat and Khalid Almas

25.2 Management of medically compromised patients 422

Subraya Bhat and Khalid Almas

25.3 Medical emergencies in the dental office 433

Steph Smith

26 Halitosis 438

David G. Gillam

27 Interdisciplinary periodontics 444

27.1 The periodontics–restorative relationship 445

Ajay K. Dhingra, Sejal R. Thacker, Farheen Malek and Steph Smith

27.2 The periodontal–orthodontic relationship 454

Achint Utreja and Feras Al Khatib

28 Fundamentals of dental implants 464

Brittany Camenisch, Nehal Almehmadi, Pratishtha Mishra and Mohanad Al-Sabbagh

29 Examination and treatment planning of the implant patient 478

Sejal R. Thacker

30 Risk factors for implant therapy 487

Steph Smith

31 Dental implants and patients with systemic conditions 499

Fawad Javed

32 Clinical considerations for implant-restorative procedures 506

Ahmad Kutkut

33 Implant surgical procedures 519

Steph Smith, Khalid Almas, Nehal Almehmadi and Mohanad Al-Sabbagh

34 Peri-implant diseases and conditions 540

Steph Smith

35 Peri-implantitis 546

35.1 The peri-implant microbiome 547

Steph Smith

35.2 Diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis 565

Pierluigi Balice

36 Maintenance of implants 577

Khalid Almas and Avinash S. Bidra

37 Future advances and research in periodontics 587

Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui

Appendix 1:: Periodontal chart 592

Appendix 2:: Periodontal indices 594

Appendix 3:: Smoking cessation 598

Appendix 4:: Indications for cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry 599

Appendix 5:: Imaging modalities for clinical situations and their specific indications 600

Appendix 6:: Radiographic selection criteria for dental implants 601

Appendix 7:: Implant Disease Risk Assessment (IDRA) functional diagram 602

Appendix 8:: Periodontal and implant journals, societies, and useful websites 603

Index 606