Integrated Clinical Orthodontics

List of Contributors xiii

Preface to Second Edition xvii

Preface to First Edition xviii

Part I Diagnosis, Psychology, and Genetics 1

Chapter 1 The Increased Stature of Orthodontics 3
Vinod Krishnan, Ze’ev Davidovitch, and Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman

The broadening scope of orthodontics 6

The orthodontic patient as a human being 7

The patient’s biological status: does it influence orthodontic treatment? 8

Conclusions 16

References 17

Chapter 2 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: Collaborating with Medical and Other Dental Specialists 18
Om P. Kharbanda, Neeraj Wadhawan, and Karthik Sennimalai

The other side of the story 19

Orthodontic diagnosis from a broad perspective 19

The first interaction with the patient 19

The importance of the medical history in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning 21

Overview of systemic disturbances in relation to orthodontic treatment planning 27

Identifying local dental abnormalities before attempting orthodontic treatment 32

Evaluation of the occlusion and the temporomandibular joint 42

Radiographic examination of the craniofacial region 43

Conclusion 46

References 47

Chapter 3 Psychosocial Factors in Orthodontics: Patient Perceptions, Motivation, and Expectations 52
Leslie A. Will

Motivation for orthodontic treatment 52

Treatment expectations 53

Perception of malocclusion 53

Patients with psychological disorders 55

Orthognathic patients 57

Patients with orofacial clefts and craniofacial anomalies 59

Patients with acquired deformities 60

Conclusions 61

References 61

Chapter 4 Integrated Clinical Genetics/Syndromology for the Orthodontist 63
James K. Hartsfield, Jr., Lorri Ann Morford, and Aqib Muhammad Shafi

Interaction with the clinical geneticist 64

Evolution of the clinical geneticist specialist 64

When to refer 65

Artificial intelligence and facial analysis 66

Selected syndromes and conditions 66

Radiographic signs 71

History of premature tooth exfoliation 73

Conditions in which premature tooth exfoliation may occur occasionally 74

Supernumerary teeth and hypodontia (oligodontia) 77

Syndromic hypodontia 80

Supernumerary teeth or hypodontia (oligodontia) and cancer 81

Failure of dental eruption 82

Soft and hard tissue asymmetry 83

Maxillary hypoplasia 84

Functional (neoromuscular) asymmetry 86

Mandibular retrognathism 86

Connective tissue dysplasia 87

Cleft lip and cleft palate 90

Additional resources 91

References 91

Part II The Growing Patient 97

Chapter 5 Endocrinological Conditions and Orthodontic Treatment 99
Athina Chatzigianni

Growth hormone disorders 99

Thyroid disease 101

Parathyroid gland disorders 103

Primary adrenal insufficiency 104

Fibrous dysplasia 104

Diabetes mellitus 105

Sex- specific endocrine disorders 106

Exogenous hormone administration 107

Conclusions 108

References 108

Chapter 6 Nutrition in Orthodontic Practice 111
Nadine Tassabehji and Jillian Kaye

The importance of diet and nutrition in oral health 111

Dietary habits 113

Nutrition and oral health 119

Orthodontic guide to performing nutrition risk assessments 124

Conclusion 126

References 127

Chapter 7 Cleft Lip and Palate: Role of the Orthodontist in the Interdisciplinary Management Team 128
Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman and Mette A.R. Kuijpers

Interdisciplinary team care 129

Members of the cleft lip and palate team and their roles 129

Orthodontic management 133

Conclusion 146

References 146

Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Management of Craniofacial Malformations 150
Latha P. Rao, Maria J. Kuriakose, and Sherry Peter

General principles in the diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations 151

Otofacial malformations 157

Craniosynostosis 169

Conclusion 175

References 175

Part III Enhancing the Envelope of Orthodontic Care: The Medical Collaboration 179

Chapter 9 What Can Orthodontists Learn from Orthopedists Engaged in Basic Research? 181
Carlalberta Verna and Birte Melsen

A common language 181

Bone adaptation to mechanical deformation and orthodontic tooth movement 189

Bone reaction to skeletal anchorage 190

Conclusion 192

References 193

Chapter 10 Acute and Chronic Infections Affecting the Oral Cavity: Orthodontic Implications 195
Vinod Krishnan, Gunnar Dahlén, Ambili Renjithkumar, and Ze’ev Davidovitch

Bacterial infections 196

Viral infections 206

Fungal infections 213

Parasitic infections 218

The oral cavity as a source for focal infections 219

Conclusions 221

References 221

Chapter 11 Unveiling and Managing Upper Airway Problems in the Orthodontic Patient 225
Mimi Yow, Huiting Lynn Koh, and Shaun Loh

The spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing 225

Decoding obstructive sleep apnea 226

Respiration: Effect of anatomy and sleep 228

The child with sleep-disordered breathing 229

The adult with sleep-disordered breathing 233

Cephalometrics and imaging 236

Orthodontic management 236

Surgical management 238

Conclusion 239

Acknowledgments 243

References 243

Chapter 12 Interaction between the Orthodontist and Medical Airway Specialists on Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Disturbances 248
Joseph G. Ghafari and Anthony T. Macari

The mouth in relation to the nasopharyngeal airway: Anatomy overview 248

Common sources of airway dysfunction 250

Nonrespiratory areas of interaction with ENT specialists 261

State of interaction between orthodontists and medical airway specialists 269

References 269

Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Diseases and the Orthodontist 272
Gregory S. Antonarakis and Stavros Kiliaridis

Myotonic dystrophy 273

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 281

Other neuromuscular diseases 285

Conclusions 288

References 289

Chapter 14 Orthodontics for Children with Disabilities 291
Stella Chaushu, Yossi Shapira, and Adrian Becker

Therapeutic access 291

Pretreatment visits, patient assessment, and future management 292

Orthodontic records 294

Overall treatment plan 294

Relapse and retention 297

Case descriptions 298

Conclusion 308

References 308

Chapter 15 Orthodontic Care in the Adult Medically Compromised Patient 310
Ashok Kumar Jena and Jitendra Sharan

Cardiovascular disorders 311

Endocrine disorders 312

Infectious diseases 313

Skeletal system problems 315

Gastrointestinal disorders 316

Respiratory system problems 316

Nervous system disorders 317

Renal disorders 318

Allergy reactions 319

Conclusion 320

References 321

Part IV Orthodontics and Other Dental Specialties 323

Chapter 16 Comprehensive Periodontal Evaluation of the Orthodontic Patient: The Role of a Periodontist in Orthodontic Practice 325
Giovanni E. Salvi, Andrea Roccuzzo, and Dimitrios Kloukos

Pathological tooth migration 325

Treatment plan 326

Goals of periodontal therapy 327

Comprehensive periodontal examination 327

Case presentations 328

Acknowledgments 342

References 344

Chapter 17 The Restorative Dentist and Orthodontist: Orthodontic Implications of Dental Caries, Tooth Fracture, Exposed Dental Pulp, and Esthetic Improvements 345
Neslihan Arhun, Ayca Arman- Özçirpici, Sevi Burçak Çehreli, Kamran Gülşahi, and Ömur Polat Özsoy

Pretreatment evaluation and early stages of the orthodontic treatment 346

Interactive collaboration during orthodontic treatment 356

Emergency orthodontic treatment in trauma cases 370

Immediate postorthodontic period 382

Esthetic improvements 384

Conclusion 396

References 398

Chapter 18 Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry: Two Specialties, One Goal 411
Elliott M. Moskowitz, George J. Cisneros, and Mark S. Hochberg

Coordinating orthodontic and pediatric dental appointments in a group or solo practitioner setting 412

Identifying orthodontic and pediatric dental problems earlier rather than later 414

Restoring form and function: Revisiting the unilateral posterior crossbite with a functional mandibular shift 416

Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: Who does what, when, and how? 419

Retention considerations and beyond 423

Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment: Who takes responsibility for prevention? 425

Conclusions 426

References 426

Chapter 19 Optimizing Prosthodontic Care with Orthodontic Mechanotherapeutics 427
Hayam Alfallaj, Ruba Alkadhi, Samah Alfuriji, Fathima F. Farook, and Abdulaziz Alzaid

Pre-prosthodontic management of intraarch spaces 428

Pre-prosthodontic management of interarch spaces 435

Correction of ridge deformity though orthodontic tooth movement 443

Restorative treatment before orthodontics (means for tooth movement) 444

Conclusion 445

References 445

Chapter 20 Integrated Management of the Orthognathic Patient 447
Noura M. AlOtaibi, Philip C.M. Benington, and Ashraf F. Ayoub

Multidisciplinary Team 447

Systematic approach 448

Orthognathic surgery 488

Stability and relapse 489

Follow-up 490

Digital innovations in orthognathic surgery 490

Conclusion 490

References 491

Chapter 21 The Role of the Orthodontist in Managing Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint 493
Ambra Michelotti, Mauro Farella, and Roberto Rongo

Why should orthodontists deal with the temporomandibular joint? 493

Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 494

Should orthodontists care about condylar position? 494

Temporomandibular joint disorders 496

Joint pain: Arthralgia 496

Disc disorders 502

Occlusal changes due to temporomandibular disorders 504

Congenital/developmental disorders 506

Conclusion 510

References 510

Part V The Biomedical Orthodontist 515

Chapter 22 The Role of Biomedical Engineers in the Design and Manufacture of Orthodontic Appliances 517
William A. Brantley and Theodore Eliades

Past research activities 517

Current research activities and potential future applications 524

Conclusions 528

References 528

Chapter 23 Designing and Manufacturing Customized Orthodontic Appliances 531
Nearchos C. Panayi

Orthodontic imaging and analysis software 532

Surface and volume scanning 532

Orthodontic computer- aided design software 532

Three-dimensional manufacturing 533

Customized orthodontic appliances 533

Clear aligners 534

Selective laser sintering and metallic orthodontic appliances 536

Customized orthodontic brackets 536

Conclusion 539

References 540

Chapter 24 Regenerative Medicine in Orthodontic Therapy 541
Nina Kaukua, Kaj Fried, and Jeremy J. Mao

Principles of tissue regeneration 543

Stem cell basics 543

Impact of regenerative medicine in dentistry and orthodontics 556

Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics as clinical motivation for tissue engineering 560

Conclusion 561

Acknowledgments 561

References 561

Chapter 25 Artificial Intelligence and Orthodontic Practice: The Future Unveiled 565
Mohammed H. Elnagar, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Min Kyeong Lee, and Veerasathpurush Allareddy

Applications of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontics 566

Artificial intelligence–driven remote monitoring 570

Blockchain technology in healthcare 571

Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence 573

References 573

Chapter 26 The Seven Pillars of Professionalism 576
Peter M. Greco

The Seven Wonders of the World 576

The concept of professionalism 577

The seven pillars of professionalism 577

Our public image of professionalism 582

Now, what about those Seven Wonders of the World: Where are they now? 583

References 583

Index 584