Diseases of Swine

List of Contributors xi

Editors’ Note xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Section I Veterinary Practice 1

1 Evidence-based Practice of Swine Medicine 3

Evidence-based medicine, determining causation, impact of pig flow, synthesizing evidence for a diagnosis, conducting a field investigation, case management, 5 circles, client communication.

2 The Healthy Pig 29

Reference intervals, health pig parameters, reference population, swine health, physiologic parameters.

3 Behavior and Welfare 49

Definitions of welfare, normal vs abnormal behaviors, maternal behaviors, minimizing welfare impact of invasive procedures, feeding and drinking behaviors, human interactions, behavior responses due to disease, recognizing pain.

4 Effect of Genetics on Health 75

Genetic selection, heritability, resistance, phenotype, gene, trait.

5 Facilities and Environment 83

Effect of the environment on health, thermal conditions, air quality, disease transmission via ventilation, facility design for bioexclusion, filtration, technology for health monitoring.

6 Effect of Nutrition on Health 97

Nutrient requirements, body condition, energy requirements, vitamins, feeding programs, weaning transition, water quality, alternative feedstuffs, feedstuff processing, alternative feed programs.

7 Tools and Techniques of Practice 111

Common antemortem and postmortem sampling techniques including necropsy, cerebrospinal fluid collection, joint sampling, processing fluids, urine collection, feed sampling.

8 Overview of the Diagnostic Process, Diagnostic Tests, and Interpretation 129

How diagnostic tests are performed, advantages, and disadvantages; PCR testing considerations including quantitative interpretation; appropriate uses of genetic sequencing; sources of variation in test results, screening versus confirmatory tests, test cutoff values, appropriate applications of advanced sequencing technologies.

9 Infectious Disease Surveillance in Swine Populations 151

Designing a surveillance program, sample selection, assay selection, sampling strategies, using data to detect changes.

10 Biosecurity, Disease Control, and Elimination 169

Principles of biosecurity, outbreak investigation, hierarchy of control measures, specific interventions for farm exposures, disease elimination strategies, derivation of negative populations.

11 Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Swine 189

Catheterization techniques, IV fluid therapy, epidural injection, anesthetic drug combinations, and reversal agents; surgical procedures including castration, correction of prolapses, cystostomy procedures, cesarean section, fracture repair, tusk removal, abdominal and musculoskeletal procedures.

12 Drug Pharmacology and Treatment Management 215

Considerations for treatment, swine specific pharmacokinetics, residue avoidance, withdrawal management, establishing treatment regimens, impact of drug treatment on immunity, anti-inflammatory drugs, antimicrobial stewardship, drug toxicities, interpreting in vitro SIR interpretations, clinical parameters suggesting efficacy, pig treatment implications of antibiotic resistance.

13 Veterinarian, Consumer, and Public Health 239

Safety, foodborne illness, physical hazards, antimicrobial resistance, chemical hazards, agrotourism.

Section II Body Systems 253

14 Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Systems 255

Anatomy, pathophysiology, mulberry heart disease, anemia, shock, clinical pathology.

15 Digestive System 273

Interactions of microbiota, nutrition, immune system; anatomy, pathophysiology, gastric ulcers, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, prolapses, hernias.

16 Immune System 303

Innate and adaptive immunity; cellular, humoral, mucosal and passive immune mechanisms, stress, nutrition, immunosuppression, vaccination; lactogenic immunity (humoral and CMI).

17 Integumentary System—Skin, Hoof, and Claw 329

Pathophysiology of skin, infectious conditions and non-infectious conditions; ear necrosis, porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome; pathophysiology of coronary band, foot and claw; traumatic and nutritional contributors to foot and claw lesions.

18 Mammary System 351

Structure and development, physiology of lactation, physiology of maternal immunity, pathophysiology of lactation dysfunction, mastitis, dysgalactia, risk factors.

19 Nervous and Locomotor System 375

Pathophysiology of nervous and musculoskeletal systems, muscle, bone, joint and eye; congenital abnormalities, splayleg, congenital tremor, myopathy, porcine stress syndrome, arthritis, metabolic bone disease, rickets, osteochondrosis.

20 Reproductive System 417

Control of estrus, pregnancy, and parturition; pregnancy diagnosis, dystocia, prolapse, discharge, male reproductive function and semen quality; laboratory investigation of abortion and reproductive failure.

21 Respiratory System 439

Anatomy, structure, function; nasopharynx (including tonsil) and commonly found common microbiota, pathophysiology.

22 Urinary System 457

Anatomy, structure, function; pathophysiology of infectious and noninfectious conditions.

Section III Viral Diseases 479

23 Overview of Viruses 481

General characteristics of viruses, virus taxonomy, detection and characterization of viruses.

24 African Swine Fever Virus 499

African swine fever, African swine fever virus, viral hemorrhagic fever, domestic pigs, wild suids, pandemic, vaccine.

25 Astroviruses 513

Porcine astrovirus, mamastrovirus, swine, diarrhea, meningoencephalomyelitis, paralysis.

26 Caliciviruses 517

Vesicular exanthema of swine virus, porcine noroviruses, porcine sapoviruses, St-Valérien virus.

27 Circoviruses 527

Porcine circoviruses, PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4, postweaning, reproductive, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, PCV2 vaccines.

28 Coronaviruses 547

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus.

29 Filoviruses 589

Orthoebolavirus, Reston virus (RESTV), Ebola virus (EBOV).

30 Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Other Orthoflaviviruses 597

Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, others.

31 Herpesviruses 615

Pseudorabies virus (suid alphaherpesvirus 1, Aujeszky’s disease virus), porcine cytomegalovirus (suid betaherpesvirus 2), porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses 1-3 (suid gammaherpesviruses 3-5), malignant catarrhal fever virus (ovine gammaherpesvirus 2).

32 Influenza Viruses 645

Influenza A virus, swine, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, vaccines.

33 Paramyxoviruses 665

La Piedad-Michoacan virus (blue eye paramyxovirus), Menangle virus, Nipah virus, porcine parainfluenza virus 1.

34 Parvoviruses 685

Porcine parvoviruses, porcine bocaviruses, canine parvovirus 2.

35 Pestiviruses 699

Classical swine fever virus, Bungowannah virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Border disease virus, atypical porcine pestivirus.

36 Picornaviruses 723

Foot-and-mouth disease virus, swine vesicular disease virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, porcine teschovirus, Seneca Valley virus, porcine kobuvirus, porcine sapelovirus, porcine enterovirus G, swine pasiviruses, porcine tottorivirus, parechovirus A.

37 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Porcine Arteriviruses) 769

Betaarterivirus, PRRS, PRRSV, acute infection, persistent infection, reproductive disorder, respiratory disease, immune suppression, vaccination, CD163, genetic resistance and resilience.

38 Rotaviruses and Reoviruses 797

Porcine rotaviruses, rotavirus A, rotavirus B, rotavirus C, rotavirus H, porcine reoviruses, mammalian reoviruses.

39 Rhabdoviruses 813

Rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis viruses.

40 Swinepox Virus 823

Swinepox, swinepox virus, SWPV.

41 Miscellaneous Viral Infections 831

Porcine adenoviruses, anelloviruses, torque teno sus viruses, bunyaviruses, hepatitis E virus, porcine endogenous retroviruses, togaviruses, eastern equine encephalitis virus, getah virus, Sagiyama virus, Ross River virus, porcine

torovirus.

Section IV Bacterial Diseases 849

42 Overview of Bacteria and Microbiota 851

Characteristics of genera, disease mechanisms, table of bacterial diseases, issues in the development of bacterial disease (normal microbiota, biofilms, dysbacteriosis), and understanding microbial census data.

43 Actinobacillus spp. 857
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae — pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus suis — septicemia, pleuropneumonia;
Actinobacillus equuli — septicemia.

44 Bordetella 879
Bordetella bronchiseptica — non-progressive atrophic rhinitis, bronchopneumonia.

45 Brachyspira spp. 891
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, hampsonii, suanatina — swine dysentery, Brachyspira pilosicoli — intestinal (colonic) spirochetosis, Brachyspira intermedia, murdochii — occasional colitis.

46 Brucella 913
Brucella suis — infertility, abortion, perinatal mortality.

47 Clostridia 929
Clostridium perfringens type C – necrohemorrhagic enteritis, Clostridium perfringens type A — enteritis, Clostridioides difficile — necrotizing colitis, Clostridium septicum, perfringens type A, novyi, chauvoei — cellulitis and gas gangrene, Clostridiium tetani — tetanus, Clostridiium botulinum — botulism.

48 Erysipelothrix spp. 947
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, tonsillarum — septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis.

49 Escherichia 957

Neonatal E. coli diarrhea, postweaning E. coli diarrhea infections and edema disease, E. coli causing fatal shock,

systemic E. coli infections, coliform mastitis, nonspecific urinary tract infections.

50 Glaesserella 997
Glaesserella parasuis — fibrinous polyserositis and arthritis.

51 Lawsonia 1009
Lawsonia intracellularis — porcine proliferative enteropathy, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy.

52 Leptospira 1023
Leptospira spp. serovars Pomona, Kennewicki, Bratislava, Muenchen, Tarassovi, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo,

others — abortion and stillbirths.

53 Mycoplasmataceae 1035
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae — pneumonia; Mycoplasma hyorhinis — polyserositis, arthritis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae —

arthritis; Mycoplasma (Eperythrozoon) suis — anemia; other mycoplasmas — mostly non-pathogenic.

54 Pasteurella 1057
Pasteurella multocida — progressive atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia, septicemia.

55 Salmonella 1073
Salmonella Choleraesuis var. kunzendorf — septicemia, enterocolitis; Salmonella Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Typhisuis —

enterocolitis; Salmonella Dublin, Enteriditis — meningitis.

56 Staphylococcus spp. 1089
Staphylococcus hyicus — exudative epidermitis; Staphyloccocus aureus – skin infections, mastitis, others.

57 Streptococcus spp. 1097
Streptococcus suis — septicemia, meningitis, others; Streptococcus porcinus – cervical lymphadenitis; Streptococcus
dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis — arthritis; Other streptococci – various conditions.

58 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections 1119
Actinobaculum (Eubacterium) suis — cystitis, pyelonephritis; Bacillus anthracis — anthrax; Burkholderia pseudomallei —

melioidosis; Campylobacter spp. — subclinical shedding; Chlamydia spp. — enteritis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abortion, etc.; Enterococcus durans and hirae – diarrhea; Klebsiella pneumoniae – septicemia; Listeria monocytogenes — septicemia, encephalitis, abortion; Mycobacterium spp. – tuberculosis; Rhodococcus equi — granulomatous lymphadenitis; Treponema
pedis — ear necrosis, other skin lesions; Trueperella spp. – abortion, abscesses, pyogenic sepsis; Yersinia spp. —

enterocolitis.

Section V Parasitic Diseases 1149

59 External Parasites 1151

Mange (Sarcoptes, Demodex), lice, fleas, mosquitoes, flies (myiasis), ticks.

60 Coccidia and Other Protozoa 1161

Coccidia (Cystoisospora, Eimeria), Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Balantidium coli, Entamoeba.

61 Internal Parasites: Helminths 1179

Nematodes — Gongylonema, Hyostrongylus, Strongyloides, Ascaris, Trichinella, Trichuris, Oesophagostomum, Metastrongylus,
Paragonimus, Stephanurus and others; Cestodes — Echinococcus, Taenia, and others; parasiticides.

Section VI Non-Infectious Diseases 1193

62 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses 1195

Factors contributing to nutritional diseases; nutrient deficiencies and excesses; clinical signs and diagnostic investigation

process.

63 Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds 1215

Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, citrinin, trichothecenes (T2 toxin, DON), zearalenone, and fumonisins.

64 Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases 1235

Minerals, feed additives, pesticides, toxic plants, gases; effects of water quality; toxic gases and ventilation failure.

Index 1257