King's Applied Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis of Domestic Mammals

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgements xvii

About the Author xix

About the Contributors xix

About the Companion Website xxi

1 The Boundaries of the Abdomen 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Diaphragm 1

1.3 The Layers of the Abdominal Wall 2

1.3.1 The skin 2

1.3.2 The subcutaneous fascia 2

1.3.3 The rectus abdominis muscle 2

1.3.4 External abdominal oblique muscle 3

1.3.5 Internal abdominal oblique muscle 5

1.3.6 Transverse abdominal muscle 6

1.3.7 Retroperitoneal fascia 7

1.3.8 Parietal peritoneum 8

1.4 The Sheath of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle 8

1.5 Clinical Importance of the Ventral Body Wall 8

1.6 The Inguinal Canal 9

1.7 Hernias 11

1.7.1 Inguinal hernia 11

1.7.2 Umbilical hernia 11

1.7.3 Perineal hernia 11

1.7.4 Diaphragmatic hernia 12

1.7.5 Post-operative hernia 12

2 Gastrointestinal Function 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Functions of the Alimentary Tract 13

2.2.1 Transport of food 13

2.2.2 Physical treatment of food 14

2.2.3 Chemical treatment of food 14

2.2.4 Absorption 15

2.3 Regions of the Alimentary Tract 15

2.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting Gastrointestinal Function 17

3 The Mesenteries, Ligaments and Omenta 19

3.1 The Greater Omentum 19

3.2 The Clinical Significance of the Greater Omentum 20

3.3 The Lesser Omentum 20

3.4 Ligaments 20

3.4.1 Abdominal ligaments 21

3.4.2 Pelvic ligaments 21

3.4.3 Pelvic ligaments – female 21

3.4.4 Pelvic ligaments – male 22

4 The Stomach 23

4.1 Overview of the Mammalian Stomach 23

4.2 Species Variations 23

4.2.1 Horse 23

4.2.2 Ox 25

4.2.3 Sheep 26

4.2.4 Pig 27

4.2.5 Dog 27

4.3 Clinical Conditions 28

4.3.1 Horse 28

4.3.2 Ox 28

4.3.3 Sheep 28

4.3.4 Pig 29

4.3.5 Dog 29

5 The Small Intestines 31

5.1 Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum 31

5.2 Species Variations 32

5.2.1 Horse 32

5.2.2 Ox 33

5.2.3 Sheep 34

5.2.4 Pig 34

5.2.5 Dog 34

5.3 Clinical Conditions 36

5.3.1 Horse 36

5.3.2 Ox 36

5.3.3 Sheep 36

5.3.4 Pig 36

5.3.5 Dog 36

6 The Large Intestine 39

6.1 Overview 39

6.2 Species Variations 39

6.2.1 Horse 39

6.2.2 Ox 41

6.2.3 Sheep 42

6.2.4 Pig 42

6.2.5 Dog 43

6.3 Clinical Conditions 43

7 The Liver and Pancreas 45

7.1 The Liver 45

7.2 Anatomy of the Liver 45

7.3 Histology of the Liver 46

7.4 The Gall Bladder 46

7.5 Species Variations 47

7.5.1 Horse 47

7.5.2 Ruminants 47

7.5.3 Pig 48

7.5.4 Dog and Cat 49

7.6 The Pancreas 49

7.7 Clinical Conditions of the Liver and Pancreas 49

8 Arteries of the Abdomen and Pelvis 51

8.1 The Branches of the Abdominal Aorta 51

8.1.1 Coeliac artery 52

8.1.2 Cranial mesenteric artery 53

8.1.3 Phrenicoabdominal arteries 54

8.1.4 Renal arteries 54

8.1.5 Lumbar segmental arteries 55

8.1.6 Gonadal arteries 55

8.1.7 Caudal mesenteric artery 55

8.1.8 Deep circumflex iliac arteries 55

8.1.9 External iliac arteries 55

8.1.10 Internal iliac arteries 55

8.2 Species Variations 56

9 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis 57

9.1 Tributaries of the Caudal Vena Cava 57

9.1.1 Deep circumflex iliac veins 57

9.1.2 Lumbar veins 57

9.1.3 The gonadal veins 58

9.1.4 Renal veins 58

9.1.5 Phrenicoabdominal veins 58

9.1.6 Hepatic veins 59

9.1.7 Phrenic veins 59

9.2 The Hepatic Portal Vein 59

9.3 The Mammary Glands 59

9.3.1 Species variations 60

10 Lymphatics and the Spleen 63

10.1 The Lymphatic System 63

10.2 The Spleen 64

10.3 Species Variations 64

10.3.1 Horse 64

10.3.2 Ruminants 66

10.3.3 Pig 66

10.3.4 Carnivore 66

10.3.5 Whale 66

10.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting the Lymphatic System 66

11 The Nerves of the Abdomen and Pelvis 69

11.1 General Somatic Afferent Neurons 69

11.2 General Visceral Afferent Neurons 69

11.3 General Somatic Efferent Neurons 70

11.4 General Visceral Efferent Neurons 70

11.4.1 Sympathetic motor pathways 70

11.4.2 The prevertebral ganglia 73

11.4.3 Sympathetic transmitter substances 74

11.4.4 Pain pathways from the abdominal viscera 74

11.4.5 Parasympathetic motor pathways 74

11.5 Clinical Conditions 75

11.6 Regional Anaesthesia 77

11.6.1 Paravertebral anaesthesia 77

11.6.2 Pudendal nerve block 77

12 The Kidneys 79

12.1 Nitrogenous Excretion 79

12.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys 80

12.3 Species Variations 81

12.3.1 Horse 81

12.3.2 Ox 82

12.3.3 Sheep 82

12.3.4 Pig 82

12.3.5 Dog/cat 82

12.4 Clinical Conditions of the Kidneys of the Domestic Mammals 82

12.5 Urinary Bladder and Urethra 83

12.6 Adrenal Gland 83

12.6.1 The blood supply of the adrenal gland 84

13 The Ovaries and Ovarian Bursae 85

13.1 The Ovary 85

13.2 Species Variations 86

13.2.1 Mare 86

13.2.2 Cow 87

13.2.3 Ewe 87

13.2.4 Sow 87

13.2.5 Bitch 87

13.2.6 Queen 88

13.3 The Ovarian Bursa 88

13.4 The Uterine Tube, also called the Fallopian Tube or the Oviduct 88

14 The Uterus, Uterine Tube, Vestibule and Vagina 89

14.1 The Uterine Cornu 89

14.1.1 Species variations 89

14.2 The Body of the Uterus 92

14.3 The Pregnant Uterus 93

14.3.1 Species variations 93

14.4 Placentation 94

14.4.1 The foetal membranes 95

14.5 The Cervix Uteri 95

14.5.1 Species variations 95

14.6 The Vagina 96

14.7 The Vestibule 97

14.7.1 Species variations 98

14.8 Clinical Conditions 99

15 The Mammalian Penis 101

15.1 The Penis 101

15.2 Erectile Tissue 101

15.2.1 Corpus spongiosum penis 101

15.2.2 Corpus cavernosum penis 102

15.3 The Muscles of the Penis 102

15.3.1 Retractor penis muscle 102

15.3.2 Ischiocavernosus muscle 102

15.3.3 Bulbospongiosus muscle 102

15.4 The Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the Penis 103

15.5 Species Variations of the Penis 103

15.5.1 Horse 103

15.5.2 Ox 104

15.5.3 Sheep 105

15.5.4 Pig 107

15.5.5 Dog 109

15.5.6 Cat 110

15.6 The Prepuce 110

15.6.1 The muscles of the prepuce 111

15.6.2 The blood supply of the prepuce 111

15.6.3 Species variations of the prepuce 111

16 The Testes 113

16.1 The Anatomy of the Testes 113

16.2 Species Variations 113

16.3 The Scrotum 113

16.4 The Tissue Layers of the Testes and Scrotum 115

16.5 The Blood Supply and Drainage of the Testes 117

16.6 The Epididymis 118

16.7 Species Variations 118

16.7.1 Horse 118

16.7.2 Ruminant 118

16.7.3 Pig 118

16.7.4 Dog 118

16.8 The Descent of the Testes 118

16.9 Induction of Testicular Descent 121

17 The Accessory Sex Glands 123

17.1 The Accessory Glands 123

17.2 Prostate Gland 123

17.2.1 Species variations 123

17.3 Vesicular Glands 124

17.3.1 Species variations 124

17.4 Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens 125

17.5 Bulbourethral Glands 125

17.6 Clinical Conditions of the Accessory Glands 125

17.7 Anal Glands 125

18 Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen 127

18.1 Radiographic Anatomy 127

18.2 Specific Organs 128

18.2.1 The stomach 128

18.2.2 The spleen 129

18.2.3 The liver 129

18.2.4 The intestines 129

18.2.5 The kidneys 130

18.2.6 Urinary bladder 132

18.2.7 Urethra and prostate gland 132

18.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 132

18.4 Computed Tomography 133

18.5 Ultrasonography 133

18.6 Diagnostic Imaging in Equine Patients 135

18.7 Diagnostic Imaging in Farm Animals 137

18.8 Laparoscopy in Dogs and Cats 139

Appendix 141

Bibliography 147

Index 149