Principles of Goat Disease and Prevention

Contributors xxiii

Preface xxvii

Acknowledgments xxix

1 Introduction 1
K. Justin Davis, Sunita Choudhary, and Tanmoy Rana

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Global Distribution 1

1.3 Advantages of Goat Rearing 1

1.4 Goat Milk and Products 2

1.5 Chevon 3

1.6 Fiber and Other Products 4

1.7 Goat Production System 4

1.8 Constraints in Goat Farming 4

1.9 Economics of Disease in Goats 4

1.10 Goat Diseases and Public Health 5

1.11 Prevention of Disease 5

Multiple-Choice Questions 6

References 7

2 Nutrition and Management of Goats 9
Rohit Kumar

2.1 Essential Nutrients for Goats 9

2.1.1 Protein 9

2.1.2 Carbohydrates 9

2.1.3 Fats 10

2.7 Conclusion 18

Multiple-Choice Questions 18

References 19

Further Reading 19

3 Handling and Restraining of Goats 21
Falguni Mridha

3.1 Purposes of Handling and Restraining 21

3.2 Basics of Animal Behavior Associated with Handling 21

3.2.1 Experience of Handler 22

Multiple-Choice Questions 28

References 30

4 Clinical Findings of Diseases of Goats 33
Sunita Choudhary, K. Justin Davis, G.K. Chetan Kumar, and Pratishtha Sharma

4.1 Diagnosis of Skin Diseases by Clinical Findings 33

4.1.1 Pruritus 33

4.1.2 Hyperkeratosis 34

4.1.3 Abscesses, Nodules, Scales, and Crust 34

4.1.4 Alopecia 34

4.1.5 Pigmentary Changes 35

Multiple-Choice Questions 45

References 47

5 Collection, Preservation, Processing, and Dispatch of Clinical Material of Goats 49
Gauri A. Chandratre

5.1 Why Are Samples Collected? 49

5.2 Who Should Collect the Samples? 50

5.3 Sample Collection and Emergency Preparedness 50

5.4 Various Samples and Sample Collection Methods from Diseased Goats 50

Multiple-Choice Questions 60

References 61

6 Parasitic Diseases of Goats 63
G.K. Chetan Kumar

6.1 Common Trematode Diseases of Goats 63

6.1.1 Fasciolosis 63

6.1.2 Dicrocoeliosis in Goats 65

6.1.3 Paramphistomiasis in Goats 66

6.2 Common Tapeworm Diseases of Goats 67

Multiple-Choice Questions 76

References 77

7 Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia Diseases of Goats 79
Ranjani Rajasekaran, Hridya Susan Varughese, Padmanath Krishnan, and Panikkaparambil Shilpa

7.1 Mycoplasma 79

7.1.1 Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia 79

7.1.1.1 History 79

Multiple-Choice Questions 91

References 93

Further Readings 93

Mycoplasma 93

Rickettsia 94

Chlamydia 94

8 Bacterial Diseases of Goats 95
Vipin Maurya

8.1 Anthrax 95

8.1.1 Etiology 95

8.1.2 Clinical Features 95

Multiple-Choice Questions 109

References 110

9 Fungal Diseases of Goats 111
Pardeep Sharma and Tanmoy Rana

9.1 Fundamentals of Fungal Diseases of Goats 111

9.2 Dermatophytosis in the Goat: Ringworm, Tinea 111

9.2.1 Etiology 111

9.9 Conclusion 124

Multiple-Choice Questions 124

References 125

10 Viral Diseases of Goats 127
Abha Tikoo, Savleen Kour, and Rajesh Agrawal

10.1 Peste des Petits Ruminants 127

10.2 Goat Pox 128

10.3 Foot and Mouth Disease 130

10.4 Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis 131

10.5 Rabies 132

Multiple-Choice Questions 133

References 134

11 Transboundary, Emerging, and Exotic Diseases of Goats 137
Subir Singh

11.1 Peste des Petits Ruminants 138

11.1.1 Etiology and Epidemiology 139

11.1.2 Transmission 140

11.1.3 Clinical Findings 140

11.6 Conclusion 152

Multiple-Choice Questions 152

References 153

12 Production Diseases of Goats 155
Gaurav Charaya, Jasleen Kaur, Chinmoy Maji, and Tanmoy Rana

12.1 Body Condition Scoring in Goats and Its Significance in Relation to Production Diseases 155

12.2 Factors Affecting Nutritional Requirements in Goats 155

12.3 Major Production Diseases Encountered in Goats 156

Multiple-Choice Questions 163

References 164

Further Reading 164

13 Poisoning in Goats 165
Kamlesh A. Sadariya, Shailesh K. Bhavsar, and Tamanna H. Solanki

13.1 Toxic Plant Poisoning 166

13.1.1 Lantana camara Poisoning 167

13.1.2 Cyanogenic Glycoside/Cyanide Poisoning 168

13.1.3 Subabul Poisoning 168

13.11 Conclusion 176

Multiple-Choice Questions 177

References 178

14 Genetic Diseases of Goats 183
Simant Kumar Nanda

14.1 Congenital Abnormalities 184

14.1.1 Congenital Abnormalities of Joints and the Skeleton 184

14.1.2 Akabane Virus (Bunyavirus) 184

14.1.3 Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (Spider Lamb Syndrome) 185

14.18 Conclusion 193

Multiple-Choice Questions 193

References 194

15 Protozoan Diseases in Goats 195
Vikrant Sudan, Deepak Sumbria, and Rabjot Kour

15.1 Babesiosis 195

15.1.1 Life Cycle 195

15.1.2 Pathogenesis 196

15.1.3 Symptoms 196

Multiple-Choice Questions 204

References 205

16 Metabolic Diseases in Goats 207
Antônio C.L. Câmara and Benito Soto-Blanco

16.1 Polioencephalomalacia 207

16.1.1 Etiology 207

16.1.2 Clinical Signs 208

16.1.3 Ancillary Diagnostic Tests 208

Multiple-Choice Questions 218

References 219

17 Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Goats 221
Chinmoy Maji, Suman Biswas, and Jasleen Kaur

17.1 Deficiency of Water 221

17.2 Deficiency of Energy 222

17.3 Deficiency of Protein 223

Multiple-Choice Questions 233

References 234

18 Diagnostic Techniques in Goats 237
Mohammad I. Yatoo, Oveas R. Parray, Rather I. Ul Haq, and Mohsina Mushtaq

18.1 Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 237

18.1.1 Case History 237

18.1.2 Clinical Signs 237

18.1.3 Physical Examination 237

Multiple-Choice Questions 248

References 249

19 Management of Pain from Surgery and Lameness in Goats 251
Joe S. Smith and Pierre-Yves Mulon

19.1 Pathophysiology of Pain 251

19.2 Arthritis 251

19.3 Recognition of Pain 252

19.4 Analgesics Available 252

19.4.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 252

19.4.1.1 Flunixin Meglumine 255

19.4.1.2 Meloxicam 255

19.4.1.3 Other Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 255

19.4.2 Opioids 255

19.4.2.1 Morphine 256

19.4.2.2 Butorphanol 256

19.4.2.3 Fentanyl 256

19.4.2.4 Other Opioids 256

19.4.3 ? ₂ Adrenergic Agonists 256

19.4.4 Ketamine 257

19.4.5 Gabapentin 258

19.5 Non-pharmacological Therapies 258

19.6 Regulatory Concerns 258

19.7 Strategies for Analgesia in Goats 258

19.7.1 Preoperative Analgesia 258

19.7.2 Epidural 258

19.7.3 Regional Local Anesthesia 260

19.7.4 Topical Agents 261

19.8 Management of Osteoarthritis 261

19.9 Future Directions 261

19.10 Conclusion 262

Multiple-Choice Questions 262

References 264

20 Antimicrobial Resistance in Goat Production Practices 267
Bhupamani Das, Kruti Debnath Mandal, Abhinav Suthar and Chinmoy Maji

20.1 Causes of Antimicrobial Resistance 267

20.1.1 Indiscriminate Use of Drugs 267

20.1.2 Unchecked Antimicrobial Dosage 268

20.1.3 Inadequate Diagnostics 268

20.1.4 Veterinary Practitioners 268

20.1.5 Poor Hygiene and Sanitation Practices 268

20.1.6 Lack of Effective Preventive and Control Strategies 269

20.1.7 Poor Surveillance and Monitoring 269

20.2 Types of Antimicrobial Resistance 269

20.2.1 Natural Resistance 269

20.2.2 Acquired Resistance 269

20.2.3 Side Resistance 270

20.2.4 Cross-Resistance 270

20.2.5 Multiple Resistance or Multiple Drug Resistance 270

20.3 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance 270

20.3.1 Natural Resistance 270

20.3.1.1 Permeability Barrier 270

20.3.1.2 Biofilm Formation 271

20.3.2 Acquired Resistance 271

20.3.2.1 Vertical Gene Transfer 271

20.3.2.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer 271

20.4 Barriers to Effective Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance 273

20.5 Present Status of Antimicrobial Resistance in Goat Production Practices 279

20.6 Conclusion 279

Multiple-Choice Questions 279

References 280

21 Prevention and Control Strategy in Combating Diseases of Goats 285
Amita Tiwari, Shivangi Udainiya, and Tanmoy Rana

21.1 Control of Infectious Diseases 285

21.1.1 Biosecurity Measures 285

21.1.2 Vaccination 288

21.2 Control of Endoparasites/Internal Parasites 290

21.2.1 Nematodes 290

21.2.2 Cestodes 290

21.2.3 Trematodes 290

21.2.4 Lungworms 291

21.2.5 Deworming Schedule for Goats 291

21.2.6 Common Measures for Control of Endoparasites 291

21.3 Control of Ectoparasites/External Parasites 292

21.3.1 Ticks 292

21.3.1.1 Treatment, Prevention, and Control of Ticks 293

21.3.2 Lice 293

21.3.2.1 Treatment and Control of Lice Infestation 293

21.3.3 Mites 293

21.3.3.1 Psoroptic Mange 293

21.3.3.2 Sarcoptic Mange 294

21.3.3.3 Demodectic Mange 294

21.3.3.4 Control and Treatment Strategy for Mange Mites 294

21.4 Control of Protozoal Infections 294

21.4.1 Coccidiosis 294

21.4.1.1 Treatment and Control of Coccidiosis 294

21.4.2 Cryptosporidiosis 295

21.4.3 Toxoplasmosis 296

21.5 Diseases of Nutrition and Metabolism 296

21.5.1 Mineral Deficiencies 296

21.5.2 Vitamin Deficiencies 296

21.5.3 Milk Fever 296

21.5.4 Grass Tetany 297

21.5.5 Ruminal Acidosis 297

21.6 Poisonous Plants 297

21.7 Pregnancy Toxemia 297

Multiple-Choice Questions 298

References 298

Answers 299

Index 321