Textbook of Small Animal Emergency Medicine

Contributors xiii

Preface xxix

About the Companion Website xxx

VOLUME 1

Section 1 Emergency Medicine Overview 1

1 Goals in Veterinary Emergency Medicine 3
Dustin Schmid and Bob Murtaugh

2 Triage 6
Nadja Sigrist

Section 2 Common Conditions in Emergency Medicine 11

3 Neurological Disorders 13
Daniel J. Fletcher

4 Respiratory Distress 18
Elizabeth Rozanski

5 Ventricular Ectopy 22
Lisa A. Murphy and Reid K. Nakamura

6 Acute Abdomen 26
Amy Koenigshof

7 The Collapsed Patient 31
Anna R. Gelzer and Marc S. Kraus

8 Global Approach to the Trauma Patient 39
Katie D. Mauro and Kenneth J. Drobatz

9 Reproductive Emergencies 44
Maureen McMichael

10 Anemia 48
Jillian DiFazio and Susan G. Hackner

11 Jaundice 55
Leo Londono and Michael Schaer

12 Ophthalmic Emergencies 60
Steven R. Hollingsworth

13 Vomiting, Regurgitation, and Diarrhea 66
Rebecca Flores and Deborah C. Mandell

14 Dysuria 72
Joseph Bartges

15 Dermatological and Ear Disease 76
Brian K. Roberts

16 Toxin Exposure 92
Tina A. Wismer

17 Epistaxis 97
Meghan E. Vaught and Elizabeth Rozanski

18 Fever 101
Melissa A. Claus

Section 3 Emergency Conditions by System 107

A. Neurological Disorders 109

19 Traumatic Brain Injury 111
Jillian DiFazio and Daniel J. Fletcher

20 Altered Mentation 118
Cassie Ostroski and Kenneth J. Drobatz

21 Seizures 124
Leontine Benedicenti and Evelyn M. Galban

22 Intracranial Disease 131
Kendra Mikoloski

23 Vestibular Disease 137
Laura Harvey

24 Spinal Trauma 146
Patrick J. Kenny

25 Intervertebral Disk Disease 154
Evelyn M. Galban and Jonathan H. Wood

26 Diskospondylitis 161
Sheila Carrera-Justiz

27 Lower Motor Neuron Disease 166
Patrick J. Kenny, Dominic Barfield, and Richard Malik

B. Respiratory Disease 177

28 Brachycephalic Syndrome 179
Guillaume L. Hoareau

29 Feline Upper Respiratory Complex 186
Alexandra Pfaff

30 Laryngeal Paralysis 193
Margo Mehl

31 Tracheobronchial Injury and Collapse 196
Dana L. Clarke

32 Acute Airway Obstruction 206
Dana L. Clarke

33 Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis 215
Lynelle R. Johnson

34 Feline Lower Airway Disease 220
Tekla Lee-Fowler

35 Puppy Pneumonia 225
Elizabeth Rozanski and Alex Lynch

36 Coughing and Hemoptysis 229
Geoff Heffner

37 Bronchopneumonia 234
Anthony L. Gonzalez and Lesley G. King

38 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema 242
Mark A. Oyama

39 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema 247
Kenneth J. Drobatz

40 Submersion Injury 253
Nuno Félix and Isabelle Goy-Thollot

41 Pulmonary Hemorrhage 260
Soren Boysen

42 Pulmonary Thromboembolism 266
Ronald Li and Joshua A. Stern

43 Primary and Metastatic Pulmonary Neoplasia 273
Erika L. Krick

44 Pneumothorax 278
Erin Mooney

45 Pleural Effusion 285
Lori Waddell

46 Pyothorax 291
Kate Farrell and Steven Epstein

47 Diaphragmatic Hernia 298
Cara A. Blake

48 Penetrating Thoracic Trauma 304
Ingrid M. Balsa, Guillaume L. Hoareau, and William T.N. Culp

49 Blunt Thoracic Trauma 309
Guillaume L. Hoareau, Ingrid M. Balsa, and William T. N. Culp

50 Look-Alike Causes of Respiratory Distress 316
Angela Borchers and Laura Cagle

C. Cardiovascular Disease 319

51 Mechanisms of Heart Failure 321
Mark A. Oyama

52 Congenital Cardiovascular Disease 325
Joshua A. Stern

53 Arrhythmias 329
Meg M. Sleeper

54 Pericardial Effusion 336
Sean B. Majoy

55 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 341
Suzanne M. Cunningham and Kursten V. Pierce

56 Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 349
Lance C. Visser

57 Valvular Heart Disease 355
John MacGregor

58 Heartworm Disease 362
Marisa K. Ames

59 Pulmonary Hypertension 372
Rebecca Quinn

60 Bradyarrhythmias and Pacemakers 380
Lance C. Visser

61 Myocarditis 385
Lisa A. Murphy and Reid K. Nakamura

62 Thromboembolic Disease 388
Julien Guillaumin

63 Systemic Arterial Hypertension 397
Amanda E. Coleman

D. Hematological and Oncological Disorders 405

64 Leukocytosis and Leukopenia 407
Andrew G. Burton and Karl E. Jandrey

65 Non-Regenerative Anemia 413
Alex Lynch

66 Hemolytic Anemia 419
Megan Morgan and Susan G. Hackner

67 Thrombocytopenia 427
Maureen McMichael

68 Fibrinolysis and Antifibrinolytics 430
Jo-Annie Letendre and Robert Goggs

69 Congenital Coagulopathy 440
Elizabeth Rozanski and Armelle de Laforcade

70 Acquired Coagulopathy 444
Ronald Li

71 Antithrombotics in the Emergency Room 455
Armelle de Laforcade

72 Sick Oncology Patients in the Emergency Room 459
Kim Slensky and Craig A. Clifford

73 Paraneoplastic Syndromes 467
Alycen P. Lundberg and Laura D. Garrett

E. Esophageal and Abdominal Disease 473

74 Vomiting and Regurgitation 475
Jayme E. Hoffberg

75 Esophageal Foreign Bodies 481
Mark P. Rondeau

76 Diarrhea 485
Marko Pipan

77 Hematemesis and Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 490
Kayla Hanson and Elke Rudloff

78 Parvovirus Enteritis 496
Raegan J. Wells and Lauren A. Sullivan

79 Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis 501
Erica L. Reineke

80 Protein-Losing Enteropathy 506
Rachel E. Smith and Robert J. Washabau

81 Gastrointestinal Obstruction 511
Chap Pratt

82 Gastric Dilation-Volvulus 520
Elke Rudloff

83 Mesenteric Torsion 524
Fabio Vigano’

84 Hemoperitoneum 528
S. Anna Pesillo-Crosby

85 Splenic Disease 535
Alex Lynch and Therese E. O’Toole

86 Pancreatitis 541
Erica Tinson and Elise Boller

87 Peritonitis 550
Medora Pashmakova and James Barr

88 Postoperative Complications Presenting to the Emergency Service 556
Therese E. O’Toole

89 Biliary Disease 561
Amanda K. Boag and Steve J. Mehler

90 Acute Liver Failure 566
Deborah C. Mandell

91 Feeding Tube Complications 578
Daniel L. Chan

92 Anorectal Disease 582
David E. Holt

93 Constipation 587
Mark P. Rondeau

Index i1

VOLUME 2

F. Urogenital Disorders 593

94 Acute Azotemia 595
Carrie Palm

95 Oliguria 601
J.D. Foster

96 Urinary Tract Infections 606
Reid Groman

97 Urolithiasis 620
Joseph Bartges

98 Feline Ureteral Obstruction: Diagnosis and Management 627
Allyson Berent

99 Feline Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction 634
Edward Cooper

100 Urethral Trauma 641
Elena S. Addison and Donald A. Yool

101 Lyme Nephritis 646
Meryl P. Littman

102 Chronic Kidney Disease 653
Melisa G. Rosenthal and Mary A. Labato

103 Uroabdomen 659
Saya Press and Anusha Balakrishnan

104 Urethral Prolapse 665
Jennifer Carr

105 Discolored Urine 667
Julie M. Walker

106 Urinary Diversion in the Emergency Room 673
Cassie Ostroski and Dana L. Clarke

G. Acid-base, Electrolyte and Endocrine Disorders 681

107 Acid–Base Disorders 683
Kate Hopper

108 Sodium and Water Balance 690
Yu Ueda and Kate Hopper

109 Potassium Disorders 700
Sabrina N. Hoehne and Matthew Mellema

110 Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus Disorders 709
Matthew Mellema

111 Hypoglycemia 719
Anthony L. Gonzalez and Deborah C. Silverstein

112 Hyperglycemia 726
Gideon Daniel and Alex Lynch

113 Complicated Diabetes Mellitus 729
Amie Koenig

114 Adrenal Gland Disorders 736
Jonathan D. Dear and Guillaume L. Hoareau

115 Hypoadrenocorticism 742
Soren Boysen

116 Thyroid Disorders 752
Jonathan D. Dear

117 Diabetes Insipidus 757
Jamie M. Burkitt Creedon

H. Reproductive Disorders 763

118 Dystocia 765
Liam Donaldson and Philip Thomas

119 Eclampsia 771
Michelle A. Kutzler

120 Neonatal Resuscitation 775
Carol A. Margolis and Margret L. Casal

121 Diseases of the Neonate 779
Andrea Hesser and Autumn P. Davidson

122 Metritis and Mastitis 791
Sophie A. Grundy

123 Pyometra 795
Grayson B. Wallace and Margret L. Casal

124 Prostatic Disease 802
Autumn P. Davidson

125 Uterine and Vaginal Prolapse 807
Michelle A. Kutzler

126 Penile, Preputial, and Testicular Disease 812
James Lavely and Autumn P. Davidson

I. Common Toxins 819

127 Decontamination and Toxicological Analyses of the Poisoned Patient 821
Justine A. Lee

128 Lipid “Rescue” Therapy 831
Kathryn Benavides and Jonathan Babyak

129 Blood Purification Techniques for Intoxications 835
Carrie Palm

130 Rodenticide Toxicity 841
Jesse Bullock and Alex Lynch

131 Ethylene Glycol Intoxication 846
Rachel B. Davy-Moyle and Leo Londono

132 Acetaminophen Intoxication 851
Amanda Thomer and Lesley G. King

133 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Intoxications 856
Angela Borchers

134 Grape, Raisin, and Lily Ingestion 862
J.D. Foster

135 Recreational Drug Intoxications 866
Melissa Bucknoff

136 Household Toxins 871
Lindsey Nielsen

J. Skin and Soft Tissue Disease 875

137 Life-Threatening Dermatological Emergencies 877
Brian K. Roberts

138 Severe Soft Tissue Infections 892
Melissa Clark and Yekaterina Buriko

K. Environmental Emergencies 897

139 Smoke Inhalation Toxicity 899
Erin McGowan and Kenneth J. Drobatz

140 Porcupine Quilling 905
Elizabeth Rozanski

141 Crotalinae Snake Envenomation 909
Raegan J. Wells

142 Elapid Snake Envenomation: North American Coral Snakes and Australian Elapids (Tiger Snakes, Brown Snakes, Taipans, Death Adders, and Black Snakes) 914
Katrin Swindells and Michael Schaer

143 Spider and Scorpion Envenomation 921
Kate Hopper

144 Bufo Toad Toxicosis 926
Leo Londono and Gareth Buckley

145 Hymenoptera Envenomation 930
Rebecca Flores and Vincent Thawley

146 Hypersensitivity and Anaphylaxis 936
Sabrina N. Hoehne and Kate Hopper

147 Canine Heat Stroke 942
Yaron Bruchim and Efrat Kelmer

148 Cold Exposure 950
Karol A. Mathews

149 Electrical and Lightning Injuries 956
F.A. (Tony) Mann

Section 4 Trauma and Resuscitation 963

A. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 965

150 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Emergency Room 967
Daniel J. Fletcher and Manuel Boller

151 Small Animal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Initiatives 974
Manuel Boller and Daniel J. Fletcher

B. Circulatory Shock 979

152 Pathophysiology of Shock 981
Edward Cooper

153 Hypovolemic Shock 986
Corrin Boyd and Lisa Smart

154 Cardiogenic Shock 993
Luiz Bolfer and Meg M. Sleeper

155 Additional Mechanisms of Shock 1000
Sean Smarick and Iain Keir

156 Lactate Monitoring 1005
Casey Kohen and Kate Hopper

157 Emerging Monitoring Techniques 1011
Rodrigo C. Rabelo

158 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 1019
Josh Smith and Robert Goggs

159 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome 1030
Claire R. Sharp

C. Trauma 1039

160 Trauma Overview 1041
Erica L. Reineke

161 Trauma Center Registry 1052
Kelly Hall

162 High-Rise Syndrome 1056
Yekaterina Buriko

163 Trauma-Associated Coagulopathy 1060
Alex Lynch and Robert Goggs

164 Metabolic Consequences of Trauma 1068
Leo Roa and Elizabeth M. Streeter

165 Traumatic Orthopedic Emergencies 1072
Marian E. Benitez and Spencer A. Johnston

166 Wound Management Principles 1079
F.A. (Tony) Mann

Section 5 Fluid and Blood Product Therapy 1089

167 Crystalloid Fluid Therapy 1091
Deborah C. Silverstein and Samantha Hart

168 Colloid Fluid Therapy 1097
Marie K. Holowaychuk

169 Crystalloids Versus Colloids 1103
Jennifer Prittie and Dava Cazzolli

170 Management of Hemorrhagic Shock 1115
Andrew Linklater

171 Management of Dehydration 1126
Ashley E. Allen-Durrance and Samantha Campos

172 Maintenance Fluid Therapy 1132
Travis Lanaux

173 Potassium Supplementation 1136
Jillian DiFazio

174 Administration of Sodium Bicarbonate 1140
Jennifer E. Waldrop

175 Continuous-Rate Infusion 1147
Andrea M. Steele

176 Transfusion of Red Blood Cells and Plasma 1151
Raegan J. Wells and Brandi L. Mattison

177 Massive Transfusion 1156
Kari Santoro Beer and Amanda Thomer

Section 6 Emergency Room Procedures 1161

178 Vascular Access 1163
Matthew W. Beal

179 Intraosseous Catheters 1169
Alison Allukian and Amanda Abelson

180 Airway Management 1173
Elizabeth Rozanski

181 Oxygen Therapy 1177
Christine L. Guenther

182 Sonography in the Emergency Room 1183
Gregory R. Lisciandro

183 Thoracocentesis 1195
Melissa Bucknoff and Meghan Respess

184 Thoracostomy Tube Placement 1199
Alex Lynch and Samantha Campos

185 Pericardiocentesis 1202
Kursten V. Pierce and John E. Rush

186 Abdominocentesis 1206
Karl E. Jandrey

187 Urethral Catheterization (Including Urohydropulsion) 1210
Sean Smarick

188 Mechanical Ventilation in the Emergency Room 1216
Lisa L. Powell

189 Damage Control Surgery 1219
Steve J. Mehler

Section 7 Anesthesia and Analgesia for the Emergency Room Patient 1223

190 Anesthesia and Analgesia in the Emergency Room: An Overview 1225
Lisa J. Bazzle and Benjamin M. Brainard

191 Anesthetic Concerns and Protocols for Common Conditions 1231
Becca Reader and Amanda Abelson

192 Sedation for the Emergency Room Patient 1239
Stephanie R. Krein

193 Pain Management in Critical Patients 1245
Alicia Z. Karas

194 Opioids 1250
Lois A. Wetmore

195 Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists 1255
Katherine A. Cummings

196 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 1259
Christopher L. Norkus

197 Regional Anesthesia Techniques 1263
Marlis L. de Rezende

198 Go Home Analgesics 1269
Ashley Wiese

199 Approach to the Aggressive or Fearful Emergency Room Patient 1276
Selena L. Lane and Benjamin M. Brainard

Section 8 Unique Emergency Medicine Topics 1283

200 Antimicrobial Therapy in the Emergency Patient 1285
Steven Epstein

201 Disaster Medicine 1292
Lee Palmer

202 Working Dogs in the Emergency Room 1298
Cynthia M. Otto

203 Approach to Unowned and Shelter/Rescue Animals in the Emergency Room 1303
April Paul

204 Euthanasia Considerations 1306
Katherine J. Goldberg

205 Emergency Room Design and Staffing Models 1313
Jan P. Kovacic

206 Conflict in the Emergency Room 1322
Jim Wohl

207 Maximizing Communication 1327
Laura D. Garrett

208 Basics of Clinical Study Design 1331
Kenneth J. Drobatz

209 Designing and Participating in Clinical Trials 1335
Dorothy Cimino Brown

Index i1