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Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects

Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects

9781119438809
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Opis
An Updated Reference on Human Exposure to Environmental Toxicants and A Study of Their Impact on Public Health With the 4th edition of Environmental Toxicants:: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects , readers have access to up-to-date information on the study and science of environmental toxicology and public health worldwide. Practitioners and professionals can use this resource to understand newly discovered information on the adverse health effects of toxins and pollutants in air, water, and occupational and environmental environments on large human populations. The 4th edition of this book is updated to reflect new knowledge and research on:: ●      Performing risk assessments on exposed individuals ●      Assessing the effects of toxicants and substances on large populations for health and medical professionals ●      Patterns of human exposure to select chemical toxicants ●      World Trade Center dust, agents for chemical terrorism, and nanoparticles For health professionals, including health authorities, public health officials, physicians, and industrial managers, who are seeking new research and techniques for managing environmental substances, this invaluable reference will guide you through in a thorough, easy- to-read manner.
Szczegóły produktu
John Wiley and Sons
82771
9781119438809
9781119438809

Opis

Rok wydania
2020
Numer wydania
1
Oprawa
twarda
Liczba stron
1024
Wymiary (mm)
186.00 x 256.00
Waga (g)
1758
  • Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Characterization of Chemical Contaminants 2 1.2 Human Exposures and Dosimetry 7 1.3 Chemical Exposures and Dose to Target Tissues 8 1.4 Concentration of Toxic Chemicals in Human Microenvironments 9 1.5 Inhalation Exposures and Respiratory Tract Effects 13 1.6 Ingestion Exposures and Gastrointestinal Tract Effects 19 1.7 Skin Exposure and Dermal Effects 20 1.8 Absorption Through Membranes and Systemic Circulation 21 1.9 Accumulation in Target Tissues and Dosimetric Models 22 1.10 Indirect Measures of Past Exposures 23 1.11 Characterization of Health 24 1.12 Exposure–Response Relationships 26 1.13 Study Options for Health Effects Studies 32 References 37 2 Perspectives on Individual and Community Risk 41 2.1 Nature of Risk 42 2.2 Identification and Quantification of Risks 46 2.3 Risk Communication 51 2.4 Risk Reduction 54 References 58 3 Reducing Risks:: An Environmental Engineering Perspective 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Environmental Risk‐Based Decision Making 66 3.3 Applications and Use 70 3.4 Historic Background 78 3.5 Integrated Assessments 82 3.6 Summary 83 References 83 4 Clinical Perspective on Respiratory Toxicology 87 4.1 Concepts of Exposure 88 4.2 Tools for Studying Individuals 90 4.3 Tools for Studying Populations 101 4.4 Cardiovascular Responses 108 4.5 Limitations of Clinical and Epidemiological Assessments of the Effects of Inhaled Agents 110 4.6 Climate Change and Health 111 4.7 Novel Exposures 111 4.8 Advice and Counseling of Patients 112 4.9 Summary 115 References 116 5 Industrial Perspectives:: Translating the Knowledge Base into Corporate Policies, Programs, and Practices for Health Protection 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 The Life Cycle of a Chemical:: Many Points for Possible Intervention 128 5.3 The Knowledge Base for the Identification of Hazard and Health Protection Control Strategies 129 5.4 Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health Programs :: Implementing the Knowledge Base 131 5.5 Product Stewardship 138 5.6 Responsible Care 142 5.7 Concluding Perspective 145 Acknowledgment 145 References 145 6 Food Constituents and Contaminants 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework in the United States 152 6.3 Safety Criteria and Their Scientific Bases 155 6.4 Nutrients 163 6.5 Substances Intentionally Introduced into Food 164 6.6 Food Contaminants of Industrial Origin 171 6.7 Constituents and Contaminants of Natural Origin 179 6.8 Compounds Produced During Food Storage and Preparation 189 6.9 Dietary Supplements 191 6.10 Food Safety Institutions Around the World 192 6.11 Summary and Conclusion 193 Acronyms 194 References 195 7 Acrolein and Unsaturated Aldehydes 205 7.1 Background 205 7.2 Cellular Exposure and Metabolism 212 7.3 Single Exposure Health Effects 230 7.4 Repeated Exposure Health Effects 235 7.5 Conclusion 239 References 240 8 Chemical Weapons 261 8.1 Overview 261 8.2 Nerve Agents 262 8.3 Respiratory Toxicants 265 8.4 Vesicants 266 8.5 Rodenticides 271 8.6 Arsenicals 273 8.7 Metabolic Poisons 274 8.8 Summary 275 Acknowledgments 275 References 275 9 Ambient Air Particulate Matter 285 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Background 286 9.3 Sources and Pathways for Human Exposure 290 9.4 Ambient Air PM Concentrations 291 9.5 Population Exposures to Ambient Air PM 292 9.6 Evidence for Adverse Human Health Effects Due to the Inhalation of Ambient Air PM 293 9.7 Health Effects of Specific PM Components 301 9.8 Chronic Exposures to PM 2.5 and Components on Annual Mortality 312 9.9 Pediatric Responses to Long‐Term PM Exposures 321 9.10 Other Morbidity Responses Affected by PM 2.5 Components 323 9.11 Controlled Short‐Term Human Inhalation Exposure Studies 325 9.12 Animal Inhalation Studies with Concentrated PM (Caps) 326 9.13 Effects of PM Source Mixture Inhalation Exposures in Laboratory Animals 332 9.14 NPACT Subchronic Caps Mouse Inhalation Studies 335 9.15 Consistency, Coherence, and Implications to Public Health 337 9.16 Most Influential PM 2.5 Components as Causal Factors 338 9.17 Daily Morbidity Effects and Coherence with Excess Daily Mortality 339 9.18 Effects of PM 2.5 Components in Toxicological Studies 342 9.19 The Roles of PM 2.5 Components on Health‐Related Responses 343 9.20 Coherence of NPACT Toxicological and Epidemiological Responses 344 9.21 Coherence of NPACT Study of CVD Effects in People and in Mice 344 9.22 Coherence:: Annual Human Annual Mortality with Aortic Plaque Progression in Apoe −/− Mice 345 9.23 Traffic and So 4 = in the NPACT Studies 345 9.24 Holistic Perspectives on the Role of PM 2.5 in CVD Effects 346 9.25 Setting of NAAQS and/or Control Strategies for Ambient Air PM 348 9.26 Research Needs 351 9.27 Need for a More Comprehensive Air Quality Monitoring Program 351 9.28 Conclusions 352 References 353 10 Arsenic 367 10.1 Introduction 367 10.2 Kinetics of as Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination 373 10.3 Toxicity and Mechanisms of Toxicity 375 10.4 Evidence of Human Diseases Caused by Arsenic 377 10.5 Conclusions 380 References 380 11 Asbestos and Other Mineral and Vitreous Fibers 389 11.1 Introduction 389 11.2 Inhalation Exposures to Fibers 393 11.3 Fiber Deposition in the Respiratory Tract 395 11.4 Fiber Retention, Translocation, Disintegration, and Dissolution 397 11.5 Fiber‐Related Diseases/Processes 403 11.6 Biological Effects of Size‐Classified Fibers in Laboratory Animals and Humans 405 11.7 Critical Fiber Parameters Affecting Disease Pathogenesis 407 11.8 Exposure–Response Relationships for Asbestos‐Related Lung Disease:: Human Experience 416 11.9 Exposure–Response Relationships for SVF‐Related Disease:: Human Experience 421 11.10 Summary of Human Responses to Long‐Term Fiber Inhalation Exposures 424 11.11 Summary of Pulmonary and Pleural Responses in Animals 426 11.12 Overall Summary of In Vivo Biological Responses to Various Durable Fibers 430 11.13 Risk Assessment Issues 430 11.14 Risk Assessment Issues—SVFs 434 11.15 Recapitulation and Synthesis:: Factors Affecting Fiber Dosimetry and Toxicity 436 11.16 Discussion 438 11.17 Conclusions 439 Acknowledgments 440 Acronyms 440 References 441 12 Carbon Monoxide 455 12.1 Introduction 455 12.2 CO Exposure and Dosimetry 456 12.3 Mechanisms of CO Toxicity 458 12.4 Populations at Risk of Health Effects Due to CO Exposure 459 12.5 Potential Risks for Pregnant Women, Fetuses, and Newborn Children 460 12.6 Historical Regulatory Background 460 12.7 Health Effects of CO 461 12.8 Exposure and Relationship to COHb Concentrations 465 12.9 Neurotoxicological and Behavioral Effects 470 12.10 Fetal Developmental and Perinatal Effects 471 12.11 CO as a Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease Development 472 12.12 Summary and Conclusions 472 References 474 13 Chromium 487 13.1 Introduction 487 13.2 Exposure 488 13.3 Chromium Uptake and Metabolism 492 13.4 Toxicological Effects 494 13.5 Mechanisms of Chromium Toxicity and Carcinogenicity 500 References 503 14 Diesel Exhaust and Lung Cancer Risk 515 14.1 Historical Overview 515 14.2 Composition of Diesel Engine Exhaust 517 14.3 Environmental Exposures to Diesel Exhaust 520 14.4 Cancer 521 14.5 Conclusions 528 Acknowledgments 529 References 530 15 Endocrine‐Disrupting Chemicals 535 15.1 Introduction 535 15.2 Modes of Action 536 15.3 Selected Disease Endpoints 542 15.4 Conclusion 547 References 548 16 Formaldehyde and Other Saturated Aldehydes 555 16.1 Background 555 16.2 Single‐Exposure Health Effects 570 16.3 Effects of Multiple Exposures 580 References 597 17 Lead and Compounds 627 17.1 Introduction 627 17.2 Physical/Chemical Properties and Behavior of PB and its Compounds 628 17.3 Lead in the Environment and Human Exposure 631 17.4 Lead Absorption 634 17.5 Distribution 639 17.6 Kinetics 642 17.7 Biomarkers 648 17.8 Health Effects 651 17.9 Mechanisms Underlying Lead Toxicity 658 17.10 Treatment of Lead Toxicity 661 17.11 Summation 663 References 663 18 Mercury 677 18.1 Introduction 677 18.2 Chemistry 678 18.3 Sources 678 18.4 Environmental Exposures 679 18.5 Kinetics and Metabolism 682 18.6 Absorption 682 18.7 Distribution 683 18.8 Elimination 684 18.9 Health Effects 685 18.10 Prevention 688 References 689 19 Cardiopulmonary Effects of Nanomaterials 695 19.1 Introduction 695 19.2 Nanoparticles:: Scope and Toxicity 696 19.3 Lessons Learned 697 19.4 Particle Characterization 698 19.5 Relevant Exposure Scenario 698 19.6 NP Exposure 699 19.7 Cardiovascular Effects Following Pulmonary NP Exposure 700 19.8 Types of NP in Common Usage 701 19.9 Case Study:: Subchronic Effects of Inhaled Nickel Nanoparticles on the Progression of Atherosclerosis in a Hyperlipidemic Mouse Model 709 19.10 Human Data 710 19.11 Future Studies 710 19.12 Summary 710 References 711 20 Nitrogen Oxides 721 20.1 Introduction 721 20.2 Sources of NO x   723 20.3 Nitrogen Dioxide 725 20.4 Nitric Oxide 753 20.5 Nitric/Nitrous Acid 756 20.6 Inorganic Nitrates 757 20.7 Summary and Conclusions 759 References 761 21 Ozone 783 21.1 Introduction 783 21.2 Background on Exposures and Health‐Related Effects 787 21.3 Effects of Short‐Term Exposures to Ozone in Humans 790 21.4 Factors Affecting Responsiveness in Humans 805 21.5 Mechanistic Studies in Laboratory Animals 807 21.6 Studies of Populations Exposed to Ozone in Ambient Air 808 21.7 Effects Observed in Studies in Laboratory Animals 816 21.8 Effects of Other Pollutants on Responses to Ozone 821 21.9 Effects of Multiday and Ambient Episode Exposures 824 21.10 Cumulative Effects of Ambient Ozone Exposures 826 21.11 Controlled Laboratory Exposure Studies:: Animal Responses 829 21.12 Standards and Exposure Guidelines 833 21.13 Summary and Conclusions 835 Acknowledgments 837 References 838 22 Pesticides 855 22.1 Uses of Pesticides 855 22.2 History of Pesticides 856 22.3 Exposure to Pesticides 857 22.4 Acute Poisoning with Pesticides 858 22.5 Toxicity of Pesticides 859 22.6 Pesticides as Endocrine Disruptors 867 22.7 Pesticides and Developmental Neurotoxicity 868 22.8 Legislative Framework 868 22.9 Conclusion 870 Acknowledgment 870 References 870 23 Radon and Lung Cancer 877 23.1 Introduction 877 23.2 History of Radon and Decay Product Measurement 880 23.3 Indoor Measurements of 222 RN 881 23.4 Outdoor Measurements of 222 RN 882 23.5 Measurement of 222 RN Decay Products 884 23.6 Groundwater as a Source of Indoor 222 RN 885 23.7 220 RN (Thoron) the Other Radon 887 23.8 Radon Epidemiology in Underground Mines and Lung Cancer Risk 888 23.9 Residential Radon Epidemiology Lung Cancer Models and Lung Cancer Risk 890 23.10 Lung Dosimetry 892 23.11 Regulations and Guidelines for 222RN Exposure 897 23.12 Radon and Smoking 898 23.13 Childhood 222 RN Exposure 899 23.14 Other Natural Background Exposure 902 23.15 Summary 903 Glossary 903 References 905 24 Secondhand Tobacco Smoke 911 24.1 Introduction 911 24.2 Exposure to Secondhand Smoke (SHS) 912 24.3 Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking 917 24.4 Control of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke 921 24.5 Summary 922 References 923 25 Sulfur Oxides (SO x ):: SO 2 , H 2 SO 4 , NH 4 HSO 4 , and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 927 25.1 Introduction 927 25.2 Sources and Exposures 928 25.3 Health Effects of So 2 932 25.4 Long‐Term Multi‐Pollutant Effects Studies 939 25.5 Exposures to and Health Effects of Acidic Aerosols 942 25.6 Ambient Air Quality Standard 960 25.7 Who Guidelines 960 25.8 Overall Discussion 961 25.9 Conclusions 962 Acknowledgment 962 References 962 26 World Trade Center (WTC) Dust 973 26.1 Introduction 973 26.2 Post‐Collapse Human Inhalation Exposures to WTC Dusts 974 26.3 Potential Dosimetry of WTC Dusts 978 26.4 Associations Between WTC Dust Inhalation and Health Effects 980 26.5 Studies of Biologic Responses to WTC Dusts 986 26.6 Possible Roles of Minor Mass Components as Causal Factors for Observed Health Effects 991 26.7 Roles of Major Mass Components as Potential Causal Factors for Observed Health Effects 992 26.8 Conclusions 993 Acknowledgments 995 References 995 Index 999
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