Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging:: Pediatrics, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for pediatric radiologists, general radiologists, and trainees-anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on todays pediatric imaging. Dr. A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., and his team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on recent advances in technology and safety in the imaging of children to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
SECTION 1: AIRWAY 4 Approach to Pediatric Airway A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP NORMAL DYNAMIC AIRWAY FINDINGS IN INFANTS 6 Expiratory Buckling of Trachea A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 7 Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP NEWBORN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION 8 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis Bernadette L. Koch, MD 10 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 12 Choanal Atresia Bernadette L. Koch, MD 14 Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical Bernadette L. Koch, MD 16 Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 17 Tracheal Agenesis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF AIRWAY COMPROMISE 18 Epiglottitis Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 22 Croup Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 26 Exudative Tracheitis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 30 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess Bernadette L. Koch, MD EXTRINSIC VASCULAR COMPRESSION OF AIRWAY 34 Double Aortic Arch Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD 38 Pulmonary Sling Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD 42 Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome Prakash M. Masand, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 44 Right Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD MISCELLANEOUS AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS 46 Infantile Hemangioma, Airway Bernadette L. Koch, MD 48 Tracheobronchomalacia Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD SECTION 2: CHEST 52 Approach to Pediatric Chest Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS 56 Normal Thymus Arthur B. Meyers, MD 60 Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP CONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS 62 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Hank Baskin, MD 66 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 70 Bronchogenic Cyst Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 74 Congenital Lobar Overinflation Hank Baskin, MD 78 Bronchial Atresia A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP and Randy R. Richardson, MD NEONATAL CHEST ISSUES 80 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Steven J. Kraus, MD 84 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 88 Surfactant Deficiency Disease Hank Baskin, MD 92 Neonatal Pneumonia Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 94 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Emily S. Orscheln, MD 96 Transient Tachypnea of Newborn Hank Baskin, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 98 Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 102 Neonatal Pneumothorax Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 104 Chylothorax Randy R. Richardson, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 106 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Emily S. Orscheln, MD 110 Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 112 Esophageal Intubation Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 113 ECMO Catheters Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 114 PICCs Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc CHEST INFECTIONS 116 Viral Chest Infection Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 120 COVID-19/MIS-C Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 124 Round Pneumonia Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 128 Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 130 Pneumonia With Cavitary Necrosis Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 134 Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children Alexander J. Towbin, MD 136 Papillomatosis Alexander J. Towbin, MD MEDIASTINAL MASSES 140 Lymphoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 144 Germ Cell Tumors Alexander J. Towbin, MD 148 Neuroblastoma, Thoracic Alexander J. Towbin, MD PULMONARY MASSES 152 Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 156 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Hank Baskin, MD TRAUMA 158 Child Abuse, Rib Fractures Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 162 Lung Contusion and Laceration Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 166 Aortic Injury Hank Baskin, MD 170 Pneumomediastinum Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc PEDIATRIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES 174 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 176 Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD 178 Alveolar Growth Abnormality Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 180 Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 182 Swyer-James Hank Baskin, MD 184 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 186 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD MISCELLANEOUS 188 Asthma Hank Baskin, MD 192 Bronchial Obstruction Hank Baskin, MD 196 Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Randy R. Richardson, MD 200 Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body Randy R. Richardson, MD 202 Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome Alexander J. Towbin, MD 206 Pectus Excavatum Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD 208 Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD 209 Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall Arthur B. Meyers, MD 210 Chest Wall Hamartoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 211 Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 212 EVALI Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc SECTION 3: CARDIAC 216 Approach to Pediatric Heart Randy R. Richardson, MD CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 220 Atrial Septal Defect Randy R. Richardson, MD 224 Ventricular Septal Defect Randy R. Richardson, MD 228 Atrioventricular Septal Defect Randy R. Richardson, MD 232 Patent Ductus Arteriosus Randy R. Richardson, MD 236 Tetralogy of Fallot Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 240 Pulmonary Atresia Randy R. Richardson, MD 244 Ebstein Anomaly Randy R. Richardson, MD 248 D-Transposition of Great Arteries Randy R. Richardson, MD Artery Anomalous Origin Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 270 Double Outlet Right Ventricle Randy R. Richardson, MD 272 Aortic Coarctation Randy R. Richardson, MD 276 Aortic Stenosis Randy R. Richardson, MD 280 Pulmonary Artery Stenosis Randy R. Richardson, MD 284 Scimitar Syndrome Randy R. Richardson, MD SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 286 Glenn Shunt Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD 288 Fontan Operation Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD 290 Arterial Switch Procedure Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD 292 Norwood Procedure Randy R. Richardson, MD 294 Blalock-Taussig Shunt Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD 296 Amplatzer Occluder Device Randy R. Richardson, MD 298 Sano Shunt Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD CARDIOMYOPATHIES 300 Myocarditis Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 302 Left Ventricular Noncompaction Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 304 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 306 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related Cardiomyopathy Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 308 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Leila Rezai Gharai, MD, John D. Grizzard, MD, and Randy R. Richardson, MD MISCELLANEOUS 312 Heterotaxia Syndromes Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 316 Rhabdomyoma Randy R. Richardson, MD, Ryan A. Moore, MD, and Paula J. Woodward, MD 320 Kawasaki Disease Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD 324 Rheumatic Heart Disease Randy R. Richardson, MD 326 Marfan Syndrome Randy R. Richardson, MD 328 Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Randy R. Richardson, MD SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL 332 Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract Alexander J. Towbin, MD NORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS 336 Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction Position Steven J. Kraus, MD 340 Normal Variations of Cecal Position Steven J. Kraus, MD 342 Age-Related Appearance of Spleen Ethan A. Smith, MD NEONATAL UPPER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS 344 Malrotation Steven J. Kraus, MD 348 Midgut Volvulus Steven J. Kraus, MD 352 Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis Steven J. Kraus, MD 356 Duodenal Web Steven J. Kraus, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 357 Pyloric Atresia A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP NEONATAL LOWER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS 358 Jejunoileal Atresia Steven J. Kraus, MD 362 Colonic Atresia Steven J. Kraus, MD 363 Multiple Intestinal Atresias A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 364 Meconium Ileus Steven J. Kraus, MD 368 Neonatal Small Left Colon A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 370 Hirschsprung Disease Steven J. Kraus, MD 374 Anorectal Malformations Steven J. Kraus, MD Reflux Steven J. Kraus, MD 390 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 394 Gastric Volvulus Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 396 Ingested Coins Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 398 Ingested Button Batteries Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 400 Ingested Multiple Magnets Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc ABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL 402 Hernias Alexander J. Towbin, MD 406 Omphalocele A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 410 Gastroschisis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 414 Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 415 Limb-Body Wall Complex A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP OTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL OBSTRUCTION 416 Appendicitis Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 420 Ileocolic Intussusception Steven J. Kraus, MD 424 Meckel Diverticulum Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 428 Colonic Volvulus Steven J. Kraus, MD 430 Internal Hernia Ethan A. Smith, MD 431 Segmental Volvulus Ethan A. Smith, MD LIVER ABNORMALITIES 432 Hepatoblastoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 436 Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 440 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Ethan A. Smith, MD 442 Hepatic Adenoma Ethan A. Smith, MD 444 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 445 Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 446 Mesenchymal Hamartoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 447 Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 448 Biliary Atresia Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 452 Choledochal Cyst Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 456 Caroli Disease Alexander J. Towbin, MD 458 Fibrosis/Cirrhosis Alexander J. Towbin, MD 460 Steatosis/Steatohepatitis Alexander J. Towbin, MD 462 Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease Ethan A. Smith, MD 464 Abernethy Malformation Alexander J. Towbin, MD 466 Liver Transplant Complications Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP and Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES 470 Wandering Spleen A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 472 Splenic Infarct Ethan A. Smith, MD 474 Splenic Cysts Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 476 Cat-Scratch Disease A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP PANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES 478 Pancreatoblastoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 480 Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Alexander J. Towbin, MD 482 Pancreas Divisum Alexander J. Towbin, MD 484 Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction Alexander J. Towbin, MD 486 Annular Pancreas Alexander J. Towbin, MD 488 Pancreatitis Alexander J. Towbin, MD MESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES 492 Primary Mesenteric Adenitis Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 494 Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 496 Omental Infarction Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc TRAUMA 498 Hypoperfusion Complex Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 502 Bowel Injury Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 506 Hepatic Trauma Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 510 Splenic Trauma Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 514 Duodenal Trauma Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 518 Pancreatic Trauma Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc ABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN 522 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Alexander J. Towbin, MD 526 Pseudomembranous Colitis Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 528 Neutropenic Colitis Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 530 Graft-vs.-Host Disease Ethan A. Smith, MD 532 Chronic Granulomatous Disease Alexander J. Towbin, MD 536 Pneumatosis in Older Children Ethan A. Smith, MD INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 538 Crohn Disease Alexander J. Towbin, MD 542 Ulcerative Colitis Alexander J. Towbin, MD MISCELLANEOUS 544 Esophageal Strictures Alexander J. Towbin, MD 548 Bezoars Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 552 Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 556 Small Bowel Intussusception Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 558 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 562 Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract Alexander J. Towbin, MD 566 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and Swathi Selvam, MD 570 Burkitt Lymphoma Ethan A. Smith, MD 572 Castleman Disease Ethan A. Smith, MD 573 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Ethan A. Smith, MD 574 Abdominal Aneurysms Ethan A. Smith, MD SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY 578 Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES 582 Normal Neonatal Kidney Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 584 Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 586 Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT ABNORMALITIES 588 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 592 Vesicoureteral Reflux Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 596 Ureteropelvic Duplications Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 600 Ureterocele Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 604 Primary Megaureter Steven J. Kraus, MD 606 Megaureter-Megacystis Steven J. Kraus, MD 607 Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 608 Prune-Belly Syndrome Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 610 Posterior Urethral Valves Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 614 Urachal Abnormalities Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 618 Cloaca Malformation Steven J. Kraus, MD 620 Bladder Exstrophy Steven J. Kraus, MD 622 Renal Ectopia and Fusion Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 626 Renal Agenesis Ethan A. Smith, MD MULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE 628 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 632 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 636 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP RENAL MASSES 638 Wilms Tumor Ethan A. Smith, MD and Hank Baskin, MD 642 Nephroblastomatosis Alexander J. Towbin, MD 646 Multilocular Cystic Nephroma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 648 Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 652 Renal Rhabdoid Tumor Ethan A. Smith, MD 653 Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney Ethan A. Smith, MD 654 Renal Cell Carcinoma Ethan A. Smith, MD 656 Renal Medullary Carcinoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 658 Angiomyolipoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD MISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS 662 Pyelonephritis Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 666 Renal Injury Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 670 Renal Stones Alexander J. Towbin, MD 674 Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary Hyperechogenicity Arthur B. Meyers, MD 676 Renal Vein Thrombosis Ethan A. Smith, MD 678 Renal Artery Stenosis Ethan A. Smith, MD 679 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP BLADDER ABNORMALITIES 680 Neurogenic Bladder Steven J. Kraus, MD 684 Bladder Diverticula Steven J. Kraus, MD 686 Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 688 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES 692 Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 696 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Alexander J. Towbin, MD 700 Neuroblastoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 706 Adrenocortical Carcinoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD 708 Pheochromocytoma Alexander J. Towbin, MD UTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES 710 Hydrometrocolpos Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 714 Müllerian Duct Anomalies Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 718 Ovarian Cyst Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 722 Ovarian Teratoma Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 726 Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood Alexander J. Towbin, MD 730 Ovarian Torsion Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 734 Ectopic Ovary Hank Baskin, MD SCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES 736 Epididymoorchitis Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 740 Testicular Torsion Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 744 Torsion of Testicular Appendage Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 748 Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma Hank Baskin, MD 750 Testicular Tumors Hank Baskin, MD 754 Testicular Trauma Hank Baskin, MD 756 Ectopic Testicle Hank Baskin, MD 758 Variations of Hydroceles Ethan A. Smith, MD SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL 762 Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System Christopher G. Anton, MD NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES 766 Primary and Secondary Growth Centers Arthur B. Meyers, MD 768 Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion Arthur B. Meyers, MD 770 Normal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 776 Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 778 VACTERL Association Arthur B. Meyers, MD 782 Polydactyly Arthur B. Meyers, MD 783 Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia Arthur B. Meyers, MD 784 Tibial Bowing Arthur B. Meyers, MD 785 Arthrogryposis Arthur B. Meyers, MD 786 Clubfoot Arthur B. Meyers, MD 788 Discoid Meniscus Christopher G. Anton, MD TRAUMA: GENERAL 792 Physeal Fractures Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 796 Apophyseal Injuries A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 800 Incomplete Fractures Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 802 Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc 806 Other Fractures of Child Abuse Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 810 Stress Injuries Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 814 Osteochondroses Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 816 Osteochondritis Dissecans Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 820 Fracture Complications Arthur B. Meyers, MD 824 Orthopedic Hardware and Complications Arthur B. Meyers, MD 828 Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic Arthur B. Meyers, MD 830 Morel-Lavallée Lesion A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 831 Muscle Hernia A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP TRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY 832 Supracondylar Fracture A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 836 Lateral Condylar Fracture Christopher G. Anton, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 840 Medial Epicondyle Avulsion A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 842 Forearm Fractures Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 844 Clavicle Injuries Arthur B. Meyers, MD TRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY 846 ACL Injuries Arthur B. Meyers, MD 850 Patellar Dislocation Arthur B. Meyers, MD 854 Patellar Sleeve Avulsion A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 855 Tibial Tubercle Avulsion A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 856 Triplane Fracture Christopher G. Anton, MD 858 Juvenile Tillaux Fracture Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 860 Toddlers Fracture Emily S. Orscheln, MD 861 Trampoline Fracture Emily S. Orscheln, MD INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS 862 Osteomyelitis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 868 Syphilis Arthur B. Meyers, MD 870 Septic Arthritis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 872 Transient Synovitis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 874 Soft Tissue Abscess A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 876 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Christopher G. Anton, MD 880 Dermatomyositis Christopher G. Anton, MD 882 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Arthur B. Meyers, MD SOFT TISSUE MASSES 886 Infantile Hemangioma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 890 Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 892 Venous Malformation A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 896 Lymphatic Malformation A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 900 Arteriovenous Malformation (MSK) A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 902 Fibromatosis Christopher G. Anton, MD 906 Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 908 Plexiform Neurofibroma Arthur B. Meyers, MD 910 Lipoblastoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 911 Pilomatrixoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 912 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal Christopher G. Anton, MD 916 Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas (NRSTS) Arthur B. Meyers, MD 920 Granuloma Annulare Arthur B. Meyers, MD 922 Myositis Ossificans Arthur B. Meyers, MD FOCAL, MULTIFOCAL, AND DIFFUSE BONE LESIONS 924 Ewing Sarcoma Christopher G. Anton, MD 928 Osteosarcoma Christopher G. Anton, MD 932 Leukemia Christopher G. Anton, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 936 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 940 Nonossifying Fibroma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 944 Osteoid Osteoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 948 Chondroblastoma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 950 Osteochondroma A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP ABNORMALITIES OF HIP 954 Developmental Hip Dysplasia Hank Baskin, MD 958 Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency Christopher G. Anton, MD 960 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 964 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE 968 Achondroplasia Christopher G. Anton, MD 972 Mucopolysaccharidoses Arthur B. Meyers, MD 976 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Arthur B. Meyers, MD 980 Osteopetrosis A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP MISCELLANEOUS 982 Rickets A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 986 Sickle Cell Disease A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 990 Scoliosis Christopher G. Anton, MD 994 Tarsal Coalition Christopher G. Anton, MD 998 Brachial Plexopathy Arthur B. Meyers, MD 1000 Hemophilia A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP SECTION 7: BRAIN 1004 Approach to Pediatric Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION 1008 Normal Myelination Blaise V. Jones, MD 1012 Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces Luke L. Linscott, MD 1014 Cavum Septum Pellucidum Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1015 Cavum Veli Interpositi Usha D. Nagaraj, MD CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS 1016 Dandy-Walker Continuum Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1020 Other Cerebellar Malformations Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1022 Cephalocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1024 Holoprosencephalies Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1026 Callosal Anomalies Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1028 Hemimegalencephaly Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1030 Lissencephaly Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1032 Heterotopic Gray Matter Luke L. Linscott, MD 1034 Schizencephaly Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1036 Polymicrogyria Luke L. Linscott, MD 1038 Focal Cortical Dysplasia Luke L. Linscott, MD 1040 Chiari 1 Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1042 Chiari 2 Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1044 Aqueductal Stenosis Usha D. Nagaraj, MD PHAKOMATOSES 1046 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Luke L. Linscott, MD 1050 Tuberous Sclerosis Luke L. Linscott, MD 1052 Sturge-Weber Syndrome Luke L. Linscott, MD 1054 PHACES Syndrome Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB 1055 Neurocutaneous Melanosis Luke L. Linscott, MD CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS 1056 Colloid Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD 1058 Arachnoid Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD 1060 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts Luke L. Linscott, MD 1062 Pineal Cyst Luke L. Linscott, MD 1063 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Luke L. Linscott, MD 1064 Pilocytic Astrocytoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1066 Medulloblastoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1068 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Luke L. Linscott, MD 1070 Posterior Fossa Ependyoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1072 Supratentorial Ependymoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1073 Glioblastoma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1074 Brainstem Tumors Luke L. Linscott, MD 1078 DNET Luke L. Linscott, MD 1079 Ganglioglioma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1080 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors Luke L. Linscott, MD 1081 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes Luke L. Linscott, MD 1082 Craniopharyngioma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1084 Germinoma, Brain Luke L. Linscott, MD 1086 Choroid Plexus Tumors Luke L. Linscott, MD TRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS 1088 Abusive Head Trauma Luke L. Linscott, MD 1092 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage Luke L. Linscott, MD 1096 White Matter Injury of Prematurity Luke L. Linscott, MD 1098 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Luke L. Linscott, MD 1100 Childhood Stroke Luke L. Linscott, MD 1102 Moyamoya Luke L. Linscott, MD 1104 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation Luke L. Linscott, MD 1106 Arteriovenous Malformation Luke L. Linscott, MD 1108 Cavernous Malformation Luke L. Linscott, MD 1110 Birth Injury Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1112 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Luke L. Linscott, MD 1114 Childhood Aneurysms Luke L. Linscott, MD METABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS 1116 Metabolic Brain Disease Blaise V. Jones, MD 1120 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies Blaise V. Jones, MD 1122 Leukodystrophies Blaise V. Jones, MD 1124 TORCH Infections Blaise V. Jones, MD 1126 Brain Abscess Blaise V. Jones, MD 1128 Acute Encephalitis Blaise V. Jones, MD 1130 Demyelinating Diseases Blaise V. Jones, MD MISCELLANEOUS 1132 Craniosynostoses Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1136 CSF Shunts and Complications Usha D. Nagaraj, MD SECTION 8: SPINE 1142 Approach to Pediatric Spine Blaise V. Jones, MD CONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS 1144 Myelomeningocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1146 Lipomyelomeningocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1147 Dorsal Dermal Sinus Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1148 Caudal Regression Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1149 Split Cord Malformation Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1150 Terminal Myelocystocele Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1151 Neurenteric Cyst Usha D. Nagaraj, MD 1152 Tethered Spinal Cord Blaise V. Jones, MD 1153 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor Luke L. Linscott, MD 1154 Syringomyelia Blaise V. Jones, MD NEOPLASMS 1156 Spinal Cord Ependymoma Blaise V. Jones, MD 1158 Spinal Cord Astrocytoma Blaise V. Jones, MD 1160 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP INFLAMMATORY LESIONS 1164 Discitis/Osteomyelitis Luke L. Linscott, MD 1166 Inflammatory Myelopathies Blaise V. Jones, MD TRAUMA 1168 Craniocervical Junction Injuries Luke L. Linscott, MD 1172 Chance Fracture Blaise V. Jones, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP 1174 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Christopher G. Anton, MD SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK 1178 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses Bernadette L. Koch, MD NASAL AND SINUS CAVITIES 1182 Nasal Dermal Sinus Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 1186 Juvenile Angiofibroma Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 1190 Acute Rhinosinusitis Nicholas A. Koontz, MD ORBIT 1194 Orbital Cellulitis Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1198 Retinoblastoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD TEMPORAL BONE 1202 Congenital Auricle Malformations Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1204 Large Vestibular Aqueduct William T. OBrien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1206 Congenital Cholesteatoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1208 Acquired Cholesteatoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1210 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess Luke L. Linscott, MD SYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIAL INVOLVEMENT 1214 CHARGE Syndrome William T. OBrien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1215 Branchiootorenal Syndrome William T. OBrien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB 1216 Treacher Collins Syndrome Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB 1217 Pierre Robin Sequence Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB NECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD 1218 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1222 Branchial Cleft Anomalies Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1226 Acute Parotitis Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1228 Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1232 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck Bernadette L. Koch, MD 1236 Fibromatosis Colli Sara M. OHara, MD, FAAP 1240 Suppurative Adenitis Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
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