Physical Diagnosis of Pain

• 1. 1. Functional Anatomy of the Bony Cervical Spine  

• Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc  

Nomenclature of the Diseased Cervical Disc  

Painful Conditions Emanating from the Cervical Spine  

Visual Inspection of the Cervical Spine  

Palpation of the Cervical Spine  

Physical Examination of the Cervical Spine: Range of Motion  

The Cervical Dermatomes  

The C5 Neurologic Level  

The C6 Neurologic Level  

The C7 Neurologic Level  

The C8 Neurologic Level  

The Spurling Test for Cervical Radiculopathy Secondary to Herniated Disc or Cervical Spondylosis  

The Axial Loading Test for Cervical Discogenic Disease  

The Hoffman Test for Cervical Myelopathy  

The Sharp Purser Test For Atlanto-Axial Joint Instability

Section  2

The Shoulder  

Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint  

Visual Inspection of the Shoulder  

Palpation of the Shoulder 

External Rotation of the Shoulder 

Internal Rotation of the Shoulder 

Crossed-Arm Adduction of the Shoulder  

Abduction of the Shoulder  

Painful Conditions of the Shoulder  

Shoulder Instability Syndromes  

The Anterior Drawer Test  

The Shift and Load Test For Shoulder Instability

The Apprehension Test for Anterior Instability  

The Jobe Relocation Test for Anterior Instability 

The Andrews Anterior Apprehension Test For Anterior Instability

The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability  

The Jerk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability  

The Posterior Clunk Test for Posterior Shoulder Instability

The Sulcus Test for Inferior Glenohumeral Instability

The Crank Test For Injury of the Labrum of the Glenohumeral Joint

An Overview of Shoulder Impingement Syndromes  

The Neer Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes  

The Hawkins Test for Shoulder Impingement Syndromes  

The Gerber Subcoracoid Impingement Test

The Zaslav Rotation Resistance Test for Shoulder Impingement

Bicipital Tendinitis  

The Speed Test for Bicipital Tendinitis  

The Yergason Test for Bicipital Tendinitis  

The Snap Test for Subluxing Biceps Tendon Syndrome  

The Gerber Lift-Off Test for Rupture of the Subscapularis Muscle  

The Gerber Belly Press Test for Subscapularis Weakness

The Internal Rotation Lag Sign For Rupture of the Subscapularis Tendon

The Snapping Scapula Test  

The Ludington Test for Ruptured Long Tendon of the Biceps 

The Squeeze Test for Distal Rupture of the Biceps Tendon

Clinical Correlates: Diseases of the Rotator Cuff 

The Drop Arm Test for Complete Rotator Cuff Tear  

The External Rotation Lag Sign for Rupture of the Supraspinatus or Infraspinatus Tendon

The Dawbarn Sign for Supraspinatus Tendinitis  

The Empty Can Test For Suprapinatus Tendinopathy

The Jobe Supraspinatus Test

The Midarc Abduction Test for Infraspinatus Tendinitis 

 The External Rotation Stress Test For Impairment of the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Muscles

The Drop Arm Test for Subdeltoid Bursitis  

The Adduction Release Test for Subcoracoid Bursitis  

The Adduction Stress Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction  

The Chin Adduction Test for Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction  

The Paxino Test For Acromioclavicular Joint Pain

Sergeants Chevron Test for Axillary Nerve Deficits 

The Adson Maneuver for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome  

The Costoclavicular Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 

The Hyperabduction Test for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 

Section  3

The Elbow  

Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint 

Visual Inspection of the Elbow 

Palpation of the Elbow  

Flexion and Extension of the Elbow  

Supination and Pronation of the Elbow 

The Valgus Stress Flexion Test for Medial Ligamentous Incompetence

The Varus Stress Flexion Test for Lateral Ligamentous Incompetence

The Lateral Pivot-Shift Test for Posterolateral Insufficiency

The Froment Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow 

The Jeanne Sign for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow 

The Wartenberg Test for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow  

The Little Finger Adduction Test for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow  

The Valgus Extension Overload Test for Olecranon Impingement The Compression Test for Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  

The Snap Sign for Snapping Triceps Syndrome  

The Creaking Tendon Sign for Triceps Tendinitis  

The Ballottement Test for Olecranon Bursitis  

The Tennis Elbow Test  

The Maudsleys Test For Lateral Epicondylitis The Chair Lift Test For Lateral Epicondylitis The Golfers Elbow Test  

The Polk Test To Differentiate Lateral From Medial Epicondylitis

The Brachialis Jump Test for Climbers Elbow  

Section  4

The Forearm  

The Compression Test for Radial Tunnel Syndrome  

The Forced Pronation Test for Pronator Syndrome  

The Pinch Test for Anterior Interosseous Syndrome  

The Creaking Tendon Test for Intersection Syndrome  

Section  5

The Wrist and Hand  

Functional Anatomy of the Wrist  

  Visual Inspection of the Wrist and Hand  

Palpation of the Wrist and Hand  

Extension of the Wrist and Hand  

Flexion of the Wrist and Hand 

Adduction of the Wrist and Hand  

Abduction of the Wrist and Hand  

Painful Conditions of the Wrist and Hand  

The Wristwatch Test for Cheiralgia Paresthetica  

The Finkelstein Test for de Quervain Tenosynovitis 

The Allen Test for Patency of the Radial and Ulnar Arteries at the Wrist

The Watson Stress Test for Arthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb  

The Ulnar Click Test for Ulnar Impaction Syndrome  

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Tinel Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Phalen Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 

The Opponens Weakness Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 

The Opponens Pinch Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Two-Point Discrimination Test for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Dowart Hotdog Sign for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Spread Sign for Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome  

Flexion/Extension Test for Ganglion Cysts of the Wrist 

The Hunchback Carpal Sign for Carpal Boss  

The Tuck Sign for Extensor Tenosynovitis of the Wrist  

The Palmar Band Sign for Dupuytren Contracture 

 The Allen Test for Patency of the Digital Arteries of the Fingers

The Catching Tendon Sign for Trigger Finger Syndrome 

The Sausage Finger Sign for Psoriatic Arthritis  

The Swan Neck Deformity Sign

The Boutonničre Deformity Sign

The Heberden Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joints  

The Bouchard Node Sign for Osteoarthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints 

 The Ice Water Test for Glomus Tumor of the Finger 

Section  6

The Chest Wall, Thorax and Thoracic Spine 

Winged Scapula Sign for Entrapment of the Long Thoracic Nerve of Bell  

The Suprascapular Notch Sign for Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  

The Shoulder Retraction Test for Costosternal Syndrome  

The Swollen Costosternal Joint Sign for Tietze Syndrome  

The Shrug Test for Sternoclavicular Joint Dysfunction  

The Hooking Maneuver Test for Slipping Rib Syndrome  

The Flexion Test for Acute Thoracic Vertebral Compression Fracture  

Section  7

The Lumbar Spine  

Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine  

An Overview of the Nomenclature of the Diseased Lumbar Disc  

An Overview of Painful Conditions Emanating from the Lumbar Spine  

Visual Inspection of the Lumbar Spine  

Palpation of the Lumbar Spine  

Range of Motion of the Lumbar Spine  

The Schober Test For Lumbar Spine Flexion

The Kemp Test For Lumbar Facet Joint Dysfunction

The Lumbar Dermatomes  

The L4 Neurologic Level  

The L5 Neurologic Level  

The S1 Neurologic Level  

The Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation 

The Sitting Straight Leg Raising Test for Lumbar Root Irritation  

The Naffziger Jugular Compression Test for an Equivocal Lasegue Straight Leg Raising Test  

The Flip Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation  

The Buckling Knee Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation 

The Spurling Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation 

The Bragard Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation  

The Ely Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation  

The Fajersztajn Test for Lumbar Nerve Root Irritation

The Stoop Test for Spinal Stenosis  

The Babinski Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System  

The Chaddock Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System  

The Oppenheim Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System 

The Gordon Sign for Diseases of the Corticospinal System

Section  8

The Abdominal Wall and Pelvis  

The Sit-Up Sign for Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  

The Waddling Gait Sign for Osteitis Pubis Syndrome  

The Yeoman Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain

The Van Durson Standing Flexion Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain

The Pideallu Seatd Flexion Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain

The Stork Test For Sacroiliac Joint Pain

The Gaenslen Test For For Sacroiliac Joint Pain

The Numb Medial Thigh Sign for Obturator Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  

The Novice Skier Sign for Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome  

The Femoral Stretch Test

The Burning Lateral Thigh Sign for Meralgia Paresthetica  

Section  9

The Hip  

Functional Anatomy of the Hip  

Visual Inspection of the Hip Joint  

Palpation of the Hip  

Flexion of the Hip  

Extension of the Hip  

Abduction of the Hip  

Adduction of the Hip  

Internal Rotation of the Hip  

External Rotation of the Hip  

Painful Conditions of the Hip  

The Thomas Test for Flexion Deformity of the Hip  

The Trendelenburg Test for Weak Hip Abductors  

The Hopalong Cassidy Sign for Antalgic Gait  

The Patrick/FABER Test for Hip Pathology  

The Waldman Knee Squeeze Test for Adductor Tendinitis  

The Resisted Hip Extension Test for Ischial Bursitis  

The Resisted Hip Abduction Test for Gluteal Bursitis  

The Resisted Hip Adduction Test for Iliopsoas Bursitis 

The Piriformis Test For Piriformis Syndrome

The Resisted Abduction Release Test for Trochanteric Bursitis Pain  

The Fulcrum Test For Stress Fractures of the Femoral Shaft

The Ober Test for Iliotibial Band Contracture  

The Snap Sign for Snapping Hip Syndrome  

Section  10

The Knee  

Functional Anatomy of the Knee  

Visual Inspection of the Knee  

Palpation of the Knee  

Flexion of the Knee  

Extension of the Knee  

Rotation of the Knee  

An Overview of Painful Conditions of the Knee  

The Bulge Sign for Small Joint Effusions  

The Ballottement Test for Large Joint Effusions  

The Valgus Stress Test for Medial Collateral Ligament Integrity  

The Varus Stress Test for Lateral Collateral Ligament Integrity  

The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity 

The Flexion-Rotation Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Instability

The Lachman Test for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity  

The Posterior Drawer Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity

The Hughston External Rotation-Recurvatum Test for Posterior Cuciate Ligament Instability

The Quadriceps Active Test for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Integrity

The Pivot Shift Test for Anterolateral Rotary Instability  

The Reverse Pivot Shift Test of Jakob for Posterolateral Instability

The Tibial External Rotation Test for Injury to the Posterolateral Corner 

The Perkins Test for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome 

The Patellar Grind Test For Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

The Fairbanks Apprehension Test for Lateral Patellar Subluxation  

The Patellar Tilt Test for Lateral Retinacular Dysfunction

The McMurray Test for Torn Meniscus  

The Apley Grinding Test for Meniscal Tear  

The Squat Test for Meniscal Tear

The Thessaly Test For Medial Meniscal Tear

The Twist Test for Semimembranosus Insertion Syndrome  

The Knee Extension Test for Quadriceps Expansion Syndrome  

Bursitis of the Knee  

The Creaking Tendon Sign for Hamstring Tendinitis  

The Noble Compression Test For Iliotibial Band Syndrome

The Bump Sign for Baker Cyst of the Knee  

Section  11

The Ankle and Foot  

Functional Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot 

Visual Inspection of the Ankle and Foot  

Palpation of the Ankle and Foot  

The Wave Test for Ankle Joint Effusion  

The Anterior Drawer Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency  

The Inversion Test for Anterior Talofibular Ligament Insufficiency  

The Eversion Test for Deltoid Ligament Insufficiency 

The Squeeze Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain

The External Rotation Test for Syndesmosis Ankle Strain

The Tinel Sign for Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Tinel Sign for Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome  

The Creak Sign for Achilles Tendinitis  

The Toe Raise Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture

The Thompson Squeeze Test for Achilles Tendon Rupture

The Matles Test For Achilles Tendon Rupture

The Calcaneal Jump Sign for Plantar Fasciitis  

The Windlass Test For Plantar Fasciitis

The Mulder Sign for Morton Neuroma   ~