Diagnostic Imaging: Oral and Maxillofacial

PART I: ANATOMY
Section 1: Oral Cavity

4 Teeth
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
14 Dental Restorations
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
20 Maxilla
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
28 Mandible
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
34 Tongue
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
38 Retromolar Trigone
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
42 Sublingual Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
46 Submandibular Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
50 Oral Mucosal Space/Surface
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

Section 2: Nose and Sinuses

54 Sinonasal Overview
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
70 Ostiomeatal Complex
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR
74 Pterygopalatine Fossa
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

Section 3: Temporal Bone

80 TMJ
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
88 External, Middle, and Inner Ear
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

Section 4: Base of Skull

96 Skull Base Overview
Philip R. Chapman, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
102 Anterior Skull Base
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
108 Central Skull Base
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
114 Posterior Skull Base
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
124 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC

Section 5: Cranial Nerves

130 Cranial Nerves Overview
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Philip R. Chapman, MD
136 Cranial Nerve V
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
150 Cranial Nerve VII
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
160 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
166 CNX (Vagus Nerve)
Aparna Singhal, MD, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
172 CNXII (Hypoglossal Nerve)
Aparna Singhal, MD, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

Section 6: Cervical Spine

180 Craniocervical Junction
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

Section 7: Suprahyoid Neck

192 Suprahyoid Neck Overview
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
198 Parapharyngeal Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
202 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
210 Masticator Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
216 Parotid Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
224 Carotid Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
230 Retropharyngeal Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
234 Perivertebral Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Aparna Singhal, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
238 Lymph Nodes
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
242 External and Internal Carotid Arteries
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

PART II: IMAGING APPLICATIONS IN ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL REGION

Section 1: Imaging Applications

250 Artificial Intelligence in Imaging Anatomy
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA
256 Introduction to Ultrasound Imaging
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc
264 CBCT Applications in Implant Placement
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Douglas L. Chenin, DDS
270 CBCT Applications in Endodontics
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
276 CBCT Applications in Orthodontics
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
284 CBCT Analysis of Sleep-Disordered Breathing Risk Factors
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

PART III: DIAGNOSES

Section 1: Radiologic Patterns of Jaw Pathology

296 Radiologic Patterns of Jaw Pathology
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

Section 2: Teeth

DEVELOPMENTAL ALTERATIONS IN SIZE AND SHAPE OF TEETH

306 Hypodontia
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS
308 Hyperdontia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
310 Macrodontia, Gemination, and Fusion
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
312 Microdontia
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
313 Concrescence
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
314 Talon Cusp
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
315 Dens Invaginatus
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
316 Enamel Pearls
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
317 Taurodontism
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
318 Dilaceration
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
319 Supernumerary Roots
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

DEVELOPMENTAL ALTERATIONS IN STRUCTURE OF TEETH

320 Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
324 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS
326 Dentin Dysplasia
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
327 Regional Odontodysplasia
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS

ACQUIRED ALTERATIONS OF TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

328 Attrition
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
330 Abrasion
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
331 Abfraction
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
332 Erosion
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
333 Turner Dysplasia
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
334 Internal and External Resorption
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
340 Hypercementosis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

TRAUMA

341 Concussion
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
342 Luxation
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
346 Dentoalveolar Fractures
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

INFECTION/INFLAMMATION

352 Dental Caries
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
356 Periapical Rarefying Osteitis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
360 Periapical Sclerosing Osteitis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
362 Periodontal Disease
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

MISCELLANEOUS

368 Gubernaculum Dentis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

Section 3: Oral Cavity

CONGENITAL/GENETIC

372 Submandibular Space Accessory Salivary Tissue
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD
374 Lingual Thyroid
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD
376 Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD
380 Submandibular Gland Aplasia-Hypoplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS
382 Foregut Duplication Cyst in Tongue
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS

INFECTION

384 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR

INFLAMMATION

388 Ranula
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR
392 Submandibular Gland Sialadenitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR
394 Oral Cavity Sialocele
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR
396 Submandibular Gland Mucocele
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS

NEOPLASM, BENIGN

398 Sublingual Gland Benign Mixed Tumor
Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS
400 Submandibular Gland Benign Mixed Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
402 Palate Benign Mixed Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT

404 Oral Cavity Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
406 Sublingual Gland Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
408 Submandibular Gland Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
410 Submandibular Space Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
412 Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
416 Floor of Mouth Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
418 Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
420 Retromolar Trigone Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
422 Submandibular Space Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
424 Buccal Mucosa Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
426 Hard Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

MISCELLANEOUS/IDIOPATHIC

428 Hypoglossal Nerve Motor Denervation
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR
430 Submandibular Sialoliths
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

Section 4: Mandible and Maxilla

NORMAL VARIANTS

434 Buccal and Palatal Exostoses
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
436 Mandibular Torus
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
438 Palatal Torus
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
440 Accessory Mandibular Canal
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
442 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
446 Mandible-Maxilla Idiopathic Osteosclerosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

CONGENITAL/GENETIC

448 Cleft Lip and Palate
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Roya Sohaey, MD
452 Cherubism
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and Bernadette L. Koch, MD
454 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
456 Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
458 Pierre Robin Sequence
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB
460 Treacher Collins Syndrome
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
462 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
464 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Kara G. Gill, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
466 Mucopolysaccharidosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bernadette L. Koch, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
467 CHARGE Syndrome
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, William T. OBrien, Sr., DO, FAOCR, and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

TRAUMA

468 Mandible Fracture
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Michelle A. Michel, MD
472 Nasoorbitalethmoid Fracture
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Michelle A. Michel, MD
474 Complex Midfacial Fracture
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Michelle A. Michel, MD
476 Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Blair A. Winegar, MD
478 Transfacial Fractures (Le Fort)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Christian Davidson, MD, and Kathryn E. Dean, MD

INFECTION/INFLAMMATION

482 Mandible-Maxilla Osteomyelitis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
486 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
490 Mandible-Maxilla Osteoradionecrosis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
494 Mandible-Maxilla Osteonecrosis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC

CYSTS, ODONTOGENIC

498 Dentigerous Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
502 Odontogenic Keratocyst
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
506 Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
508 Residual Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
510 Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
514 Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

CYSTS, NONODONTOGENIC

516 Mandible-Maxilla Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
520 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
524 Nasolabial Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD
526 Mandible-Maxilla Simple (Traumatic) Bone Cyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

FIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS

530 Periapical Cementoosseous Dysplasia
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
534 Florid Cementoosseous Dysplasia
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
538 Cementoossifying Fibroma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
542 Mandible-Maxilla Fibrous Dysplasia
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
548 Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

METABOLIC/SYSTEMIC

550 Paget Disease
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

NEOPLASM, BENIGN, ODONTOGENIC

554 Odontoma
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
558 Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
560 Ameloblastoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
564 Ameloblastic Fibroma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
568 Ameloblastic Fibroodontoma
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
570 Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
572 Cementoblastoma
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS,
MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
574 Odontogenic Myxoma
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS,
MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
576 Central Odontogenic Fibroma
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

NEOPLASM, BENIGN, NONODONTOGENIC

578 Central (Intraosseous) Hemangioma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS
580 Osteoid Osteoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
582 Osteoblastoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
584 Mandible-Maxilla Osteoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
586 Nerve Sheath Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
590 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
594 Desmoplastic Fibroma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT, ODONTOGENIC

596 Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic Carcinoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT, NONODONTOGENIC

598 Mandible-Maxilla Metastasis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
604 Mandible-Maxilla Osteosarcoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
608 Mandible-Maxilla Chondrosarcoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
612 Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
614 Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
616 Burkitt Lymphoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
620 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR
624 Multiple Myeloma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
628 Ewing Sarcoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
630 Leukemia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS

TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

632 Mandible-Maxilla Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC
636 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

640 Bell Palsy
Can Kocasarac, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
641 Hemifacial Spasm
Can Kocasarac, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
642 Trigeminal Neuralgia
Can Kocasarac, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

AUTOIMMUNE

644 Systemic Sclerosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

Section 5: Temporomandibular Joint

CONGENITAL DISORDERS

648 Condylar Aplasia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
650 Hemifacial Microsomia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DEVELOPMENTAL ACQUIRED DISORDERS

654 Condylar Hypoplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
658 Condylar Hyperplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc
664 Coronoid Hyperplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glas)
668 Hemimandibular Elongation
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
672 Fibrous Ankylosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
674 Bony Ankylosis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

TRAUMA

676 TMJ Fractures
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc
682 TMJ Dislocation
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
684 Bifid Condyle
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
688 TMJ Osteochondritis Dissecans
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

INFLAMMATION

690 TMJ Rheumatoid Arthritis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
696 TMJ Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
702 Septic Arthritis
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
706 TMJ Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

708 Degenerative Joint Disease
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
712 Idiopathic Condylar Resorption
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
718 TMJ Synovial Cyst
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD
720 TMJ Ganglion Cyst
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD

DISC DERANGEMENT DISORDERS

722 Disc Displacement With Reduction
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS
728 Disc Displacement Without Reduction
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS
734 Adhesions
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

NEOPLASM, BENIGN

736 TMJ Osteoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
738 TMJ Osteochondroma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

744 TMJ Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD
748 TMJ Primary Synovial Chondromatosis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT

752 TMJ Osteosarcoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD
754 TMJ Chondrosarcoma
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
758 TMJ Metastasis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

MISCELLANEOUS

760 TMJ Simple (Traumatic) Bone Cyst
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
762 TMJ, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

Section 6: Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Cavity

NORMAL VARIANTS

768 Deviated Nasal Septum
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)
770 Concha Bullosa
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)
772 Accessory Ostia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

DEVELOPMENTAL

774 Hypoplasia/Aplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

INFLAMMATION

778 Mucus Retention Pseudocyst
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)
780 Sinonasal Mucocele
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Philip R. Chapman, MD
784 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Philip R. Chapman, MD
788 Sinonasal Polyposis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
792 Acute Rhinosinusitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
796 Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Philip R. Chapman, MD
800 Odontogenic Sinusitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
802 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Michelle A. Michel, MD
804 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
808 Sinus Mycetoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Aparna Singhal, MD

NEOPLASM, BENIGN

810 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
814 Sinonasal Osteoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT

818 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH
822 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C), and Michelle A. Michel, MD
824 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Aparna Singhal, MD, and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD
828 Sinonasal Melanoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

FIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS

830 Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
834 Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C), and Michelle A. Michel, MD

Section 7: Masticator Space

INFECTION

840 Masticator Space Abscess
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

DEGENERATIVE

844 Masticator Muscle Atrophy
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR

NEOPLASM, BENIGN

848 Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT

850 Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
854 Masticator Space Sarcoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
858 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

MISCELLANEOUS/IDIOPATHIC

862 Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR

Section 8: Parotid Space

INFLAMMATION

866 Benign Lymphoepithelial Cysts-HIV
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Philip R. Chapman, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
870 Parotid Sialadenitis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS

NEOPLASM, BENIGN

872 Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
876 Warthin Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
880 Parotid Schwannoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Hilda E. Stambuk, MD

NEOPLASM, MALIGNANT

882 Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
884 Parotid Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
888 Parotid Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Barton F. Branstetter, IV, MD, FACR
890 Parotid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
894 Metastatic Disease of Parotid Nodes
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

AUTOIMMUNE

898 Parotid Sjögren Syndrome
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
902 Invasive Pseudotumor (IgG4-Related Disease)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

MISCELLANEOUS/IDIOPATHIC

904 Parotid Sialoliths
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS

Section 9: Cervical Spine

DEVELOPMENTAL ALTERATIONS

908 C2-C3 Fusion
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
910 Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Kevin R. Moore, MD
912 C1 Assimilation
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
914 Ponticulus Posticus
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
916 Ossiculum Terminale
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
918 Split Atlas
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
920 Os Odontoideum
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
924 Os Avis (Fused to Clivus)
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
926 Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
928 Failure of Formation
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD
932 Failure of Segmentation
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD

DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

936 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJ
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD
940 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA, and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD
944 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA, and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD
948 Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD

TUMOR AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

952 Hemangioma, Cervical Spine
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA
956 Lytic and Blastic Metastases
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA

FIBROOSSEOUS

960 Fibrous Dysplasia, Cervical Spine
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA, and Julia R. Crim, MD

MISCELLANEOUS

962 Tumoral Calcinosis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

PART IV: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

Section 1: Teeth

ALTERATIONS IN TOOTH NUMBER

966 Extra Teeth
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
968 Missing Teeth
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

ALTERATIONS IN TOOTH MORPHOLOGY/SHAPE

970 Crown Changes
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
972 Root Changes
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

Section 2: Mandible and Maxilla

ALTERATIONS IN SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OF TEETH

978 Periapical Radiolucencies
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
982 Periapical Radiopacities and Mixed Lesions
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
984 Floating Teeth
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
986 Widened Periodontal Ligament Space
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
988 Lamina Dura Changes
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

RADIOLUCENCIES

992 Well-Defined Unilocular Radiolucencies
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
996 Pericoronal Radiolucencies Without Radiopacities
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
998 Pericoronal Radiolucencies With Radiopacities
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS
1000 Multilocular Radiolucencies
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
1004 Ill-Defined Radiolucencies
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS
1010 Generalized Rarefaction
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

RADIOPACITIES

1014 Well-Defined Radiopacities
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS
1018 Ground-Glass and Granular Radiopacities
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
1024 Generalized Radiopacities
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

PERIOSTEAL REACTIONS

1028 Periosteal Reactions
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

Section 3: Oral Cavity

ANATOMICALLY BASED LESIONS

1036 Submandibular Space Lesions
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bernadette L. Koch, MD
1042 Parotid Space Lesions
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD
1048 Sublingual Space Lesions
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS
1052 Oral Mucosal Space/Surface Lesions
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS
1056 Root-of-Tongue Lesions
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bernadette L. Koch, MD, and Jolanta M. Dennis, MD

MISCELLANEOUS

1060 Soft Tissue Calcifications
Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

Section 4: Temporomandibular Joint

CHANGES IN CONDYLAR SIZE AND FUNCTION

1066 Small Condyle
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
1072 Large Condyle
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)
1076 Limited Condylar Translation
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

MASS LESIONS

1080 TMJ Radiolucencies
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
1082 TMJ Radiopacities
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

MISCELLANEOUS

1086 TMJ Articular Loose Bodies
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)

Section 5: Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Cavity

NASAL LESIONS

1090 Nasal Septal Perforation
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Luke N. Ledbetter, MD, and Michelle A. Michel, MD
1092 Nasal Lesions Without Bone Destruction
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Michelle A. Michel, MD, and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD
1096 Nasal Lesions With Bone Destruction
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)
1100 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous Lesions
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

SINUS LESIONS

1102 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bone Destruction
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)
1106 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bone Destruction
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Daniel E. Meltzer, MD, and Michelle A. Michel, MD

MISCELLANEOUS

1110 Displaced Dental Structures Into Antrum
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

Section 6: Cervical Spine

1114 Odontoid Deformity
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD