Contents

SECTION 1

1.Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography3

2.Optical Coherence Tomography15

3.B-scan Ultrasonography23

4.Microperimetry27

5.Multifocal Electroretinogram31

6.Retina Viewing Lenses and Systems39

SECTION 2

Part 1: Retinal Vascular Disorders

7.Diabetic Retinopathy49

8.Central Retinal Vein Occlusion129

9.Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion147

10.Retinal Artery Occlusion167

11.Plasma Protein Risk Factors for Retinal Vascular Occlusive Diseases179

12.Ocular Ischemic Syndrome183

13.Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm187

14.Parafoveal Telangiectasis193

15.Hypertensive Fundus Changes209

16.Coats Disease213

17.Eales Disease219

18.Hemoglobinopathies233

19.Retinal Vascular Changes Caused by Hematologic Disorders237

20.Malarial Retinopathy245

21.Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever249

22.Takayasus Disease253

23.Retinopathy of Prematurity257

Part 2: Macular Disorders

24.Age-related Macular Degeneration263

25.Angioid Streaks341

26.Ocular Histoplasmosis349

27.Central Serous Chorioretinopathy353

28.Postsurgical Cystoid Macular Edema383

29.Myopia389

30.Photic Retinopathy409

Part 3: Vitreoretinal Surgical Disorders

31.Epiretinal Membranes, Pseudoholes and Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome 413

32.Idiopathic Macular Hole433

33.Retinal Detachment455

34.Coloboma of the Choroid477

Part 4: Inflammatory Disorders

35.Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy485

36.Serpiginous Choroiditis493

37.Ampigenous Choroiditis501

38.Multifocal Choroiditis505

39.Punctate Inner Choroidopathy515

40.Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome521

41.Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy525

42.Sympathetic Ophthalmia 531

43.Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome539

44.Intermediate Uveitis555

45.Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome563

46.Sarcoidosis571

47.Behcets Disease577

48.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus581

49.Posterior Scleritis585

Part 5: Infectious Disorders

50.Toxoplasmosis589

51.Toxocariasis599

52.Ocular Tuberculosis603

53.Ocular Cysticercosis613

54.Cat-scratch Disease617

55.Leptospirosis623

56.Fungal Diseases627

57.Retinal and Optic Nerve Involvement in Syphilis 633

58.Autoimmune Deficiency Disease637

Part 6: Traumatic Disorders

59.Posterior Segment Trauma and Choroidal Folds651

60.Choroidal Rupture657

61.Commotio Retinae663

62.Valsalva Retinopathy667

63.Purtschers Retinopathy671

64.Subhyaloid Hemorrhage, Traumatic Macular Hole and Electric Burn675

65.Retained Intraocular Foreign Body683

66.Traumatic Optic Pit Maculopathy689

67.Optic Nerve Evulsion and HemorrhagicChoroidal Detachment693

Part 7: Hereditary Chorioretinal Disorders

68.Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders699

69.Bests Disease729

70.Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis749

71.Progressive Cone Dystrophy and Cone-Rod Dystrophy765

72.Pattern Dystrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium781

73.Stargardts Disease and Fundus Flavimaculatus787

74.Congenital Stationary Night Blindness and Benign Fleck Retina Syndrome807

75.Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy and North Carolina Macular Dystrophy819

76.Choroideremia825

77.Gyrate Atropy833

78.Malattia Leventinese or Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy837

79.Biettis Crystalline Dystrophy851

80.Albinism859

81.Drug-induced Retinal Toxicities865

Part 8: Tumors

82.Choroidal Nevus891

83.Choroidal Melanoma895

84.Choroidal Metastasis901

85.Choroidal Hemangioma905

86.Choroidal Osteoma911

87.Capillary Hemangioma915

88.Cavernous Hemangioma and Racemose Hemangioma925

89.Vasoproliferative Tumors of the Retina929

90.Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium 935

91.Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Congenital Albinotic Retinal Pigment Epithelium Nevi939

92.Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium943

93. Astryocytic Hamartoma of the Retina947

94. Retinoblastoma951

95. Intraocular Medulloepithelioma965

Part 9: Optic Nerve Disorders

96.Congenital Optic Disc Pit969

97.Melanocytoma of the Optic Nerve987

98.Optic Disc Drusen993

Part 10: Miscellaneous

99.Retinal Diseases in Pregnancy997

100.Cancer Therapy-associated Retinopathy1001

101.Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fibers1009

102.Synchisis Scintillans and Asteroid Hyalosis1013

Index1017