Clinical Research

PART 1Introduction to Research in Advanced Nursing Practice 1
CHAPTER 1Advanced Practice Nursing and the Integration of Research IntoClinical Practice 1
CHAPTER 2The Vocabulary of Research and Overview of the ResearchProcess 6

PART 2The Design and Analysis of Experimental Studies
(Clinical Trials) 29
CHAPTER 3The Logic of Causal Inference in Experimental Studies 29
CHAPTER 4The Design and Analysis of Studies with SeparateControl Groups 51
CHAPTER 5The Design and Analysis of Repeated-Measures Experiments 73

PART 3The Design and Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies 89
CHAPTER 6Quasi-Experimental Studies for Clinical Settings 89
CHAPTER 7The Analysis of Quasi-Experiments 105

PART 4The Design and Analysis of Observational Studies 117
CHAPTER 8Introduction to Observational Studies 117
CHAPTER 9Cohort Studies 131
CHAPTER 10Case-Control Studies 143
CHAPTER 11Survey Studies 157
CHAPTER 12Qualitative Research Approaches 175

PART 5Measurement and Data Collection 193
CHAPTER 13Concepts of Measurement and Measurement Error 193
CHAPTER 14Judging the Quality of Measurement 207
CHAPTER 15Outcome Measures for Research and Practice 229
CHAPTER 16Data Collection Techniques 243
CHAPTER 17Analysis of Existing Data 265
CHAPTER 18Qualitative Approaches to Data Collection and Interpretation 278

PART 6Populations and Sampling 295
CHAPTER 19Introduction:: Key Concepts in Sampling 295
CHAPTER 20The Logic of Statistical Inference After Probability Sampling 310
CHAPTER 21Qualitative Approaches to Sampling 328

PART 7Clinical Research and Practice for Advanced Practice Nurses 337
CHAPTER 22Surveying:: Making Use of Research Literature 337
CHAPTER 23Designing and Implementing Small-Scale Clinical Studies 352
CHAPTER 24Ethical Issues in Research Involving Human Subjects 372
CHAPTER 25Sources of Funding for Clinical Studies 395
CHAPTER 26Dissemination of Research Findings to Promote Changes inPractice and Policy 411
Appendix AComputation and Interpretation of CommonUnivariate Descriptive Statistics 425
Appendix BEstimating the Standard Error of a MeanDifference 431
Appendix CRandom Numbers and Their Use 433
Glossary435
Index447