Critical Care Nephrology

Section 1: Principles of Critical Care

Chapter 1 - The Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 2 - The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care

Chapter 3 - Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 4 - Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 5 - Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care

Chapter 6 - Kidney-Specific Severity Scores

Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology

Chapter 7 - The Physiology of the Glomerulus

Chapter 8 - The Physiology of the Loop of Henle

Chapter 9 - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing

Chapter 10 - Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism

Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care

Chapter 11 - Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis

Chapter 12 - Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 13 - Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 14 - Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility

Chapter 15 - Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Chapter 16 - Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 17 - Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury

Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage

Chapter 18 - Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure

Chapter 19 - Humoral Mediators in Sepsis

Chapter 20 - Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis

Chapter 21 - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury

Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers

Chapter 22 - Acute Kidney Disease

Chapter 23 - Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care

Chapter 24 - The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 25 - Functional Biomarkers

Chapter 26 - Damage Biomarkers

Chapter 27 - Kidney Stress Biomarkers

Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression

Chapter 28 - Renal Repair and Recovery

Chapter 29 - Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD

Chapter 30 - Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury

Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 31 - Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients

Chapter 32 - Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways

Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 33 - Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques

Chapter 34 - Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound

Chapter 35 - Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 36 - Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques

Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 37 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction

Chapter 38 - Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma

Chapter 39 - Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 40 - Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy

Chapter 41 - Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Chapter 42 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery

Chapter 43 - Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery

Chapter 44 - Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure

Chapter 45 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis

Chapter 46 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 47 - Acute Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 48 - Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 49 - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

Chapter 50 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts

Chapter 51 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury

Chapter 52 - Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 53 - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes

Chapter 54 - Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes

Chapter 55 - Assessment of Urine Biochemistry

Chapter 56 - Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance

Chapter 57 - Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium

Chapter 58 - Calcium and Phosphate Physiology

Chapter 59 - Principles of Fluid Therapy

Chapter 60 - Blood Transfusion Therapy

Chapter 61 - Loop and Thiazide Diuretics

Chapter 62 - Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia

Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene

Section 13: Acid-Base

Chapter 64 - Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap

Chapter 65 - Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders

Chapter 66 - Metabolic Acidosis

Chapter 67 - Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis

Chapter 68 - Renal Tubular Acidosis

Chapter 69 - Metabolic Alkalosis

Chapter 70 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders

Chapter 71 - Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders

Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 72 - Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 73 - Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 74 - Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 75 - Carbohydrates and Lipids

Chapter 76 - Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness

Chapter 77 - Anemia of Critical Illness

Chapter 78 - Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 79 - Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care

Chapter 80 - Enteral Nutrition

Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis

Chapter 81 - Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient

Chapter 82 - Innate Immunity and the Kidney

Chapter 83 - Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness

Chapter 84 - Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 85 - Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 86 - Sepsis and Septic Shock

Chapter 87 - Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis

Chapter 88 - Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis

Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Book chapterFull text access

Chapter 89 - Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Chapter 90 - Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 91 - Recommendations for Sepsis Management

Chapter 92 - Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 93 - Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 94 - Blood Purification for Sepsis

Chapter 95 - Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant

Chapter 96 - Critical Care Viral Infections

Chapter 97 - Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure

Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 98 - Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication

Chapter 99 - Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 100 - Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics

Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk

Chapter 102 - Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 103 - Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 104 - Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 105 - Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 106 - Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 107 - Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 108 - Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury

Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney

Chapter 109 - Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 110 - Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome

Chapter 111 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1

Chapter 112 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2

Chapter 113 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3

Chapter 114 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4

Chapter 115 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5

Chapter 116 - Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart

Chapter 117 - The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction

Chapter 118 - Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure

Chapter 119 - Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients

Chapter 120 - Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease

Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney

Chapter 121 - Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 122 - The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 123 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function

Chapter 124 - Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal

Chapter 125 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children

Chapter 126 - Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome

Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney

Chapter 127 - Liver-Kidney Interaction

Chapter 128 - Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 129 - Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation

Chapter 130 - Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices

Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney

Chapter 131 - Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema

Chapter 132 - Renal Protection in the Organ Donor

Chapter 133 - Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain

Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill

Chapter 134 - Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring

Chapter 135 - Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 136 - Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach

Chapter 137 - Mechanical Fluid Removal

Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 138 - Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 139 - Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena

Chapter 140 - Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 141 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology

Chapter 142 - Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits

Chapter 143 - Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids

Chapter 144 - Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 145 - The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency

Chapter 146 - Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 147 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies

Chapter 148 - Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 149 - Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis

Chapter 150 - Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration

Chapter 151 - Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System

Chapter 152 - Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid

Chapter 153 - Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 154 - Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 155 - Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques

Chapter 156 - Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments

Chapter 157 - Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 158 - Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 159 - Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 160 - The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness

Chapter 161 - Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant

Chapter 162 - Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)

Chapter 163 - Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support

Chapter 164 - Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 165 - Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies

Chapter 166 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection

Chapter 167 - Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 168 - Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 169 - Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit

Chapter 170 - Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery

Chapter 171 - High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 172 - Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

Chapter 173 - High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal

Chapter 174 - Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 175 - Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 176 - Nomenclature: Basic Principles

Chapter 177 - Nomenclature: Techniques

Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 178 - Peritoneal Dialysis System

Chapter 179 - Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 180 - Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier

Chapter 181 - Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous

Chapter 182 - Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 183 - Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 184 - Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 185 - Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 186 - Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 187 - Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy

Chapter 188 - Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis

Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis

Chapter 189 - Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application

Chapter 190 - Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results

Chapter 191 - Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption

Chapter 192 - Prometheus System

Chapter 193 - Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems

Chapter 194 - Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System

Chapter 195 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support

Chapter 196 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support

Chapter 197 - Cell-Based Therapies

Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics

Chapter 198 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 199 - Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 200 - Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 201 - Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 202 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 203 - Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 204 - Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 205 - Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 206 - Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant

Chapter 207 - Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 208 - Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery

Chapter 209 - Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 210 - Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care

Chapter 211 - Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 212 - Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation

Chapter 213 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 214 - Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 215 - Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 216 - Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department

Chapter 217 - Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 218 - Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 219 - Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 220 - Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney

Chapter 221 - Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney

Chapter 222 - Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney

Chapter 223 - Statins and the Kidney

Chapter 224 - Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients

Chapter 225 - Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 226 - End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 227 - Hypothermia and the Kidney

Chapter 228 - Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury

Section 1: Principles of Critical Care

Chapter 1 - The Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 2 - The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care

Chapter 3 - Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 4 - Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 5 - Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care

Chapter 6 - Kidney-Specific Severity Scores

Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology

Chapter 7 - The Physiology of the Glomerulus

Chapter 8 - The Physiology of the Loop of Henle

Chapter 9 - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing

Chapter 10 - Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism

Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care

Chapter 11 - Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis

Chapter 12 - Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 13 - Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 14 - Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility

Chapter 15 - Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Chapter 16 - Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 17 - Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury

Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage

Chapter 18 - Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure

Chapter 19 - Humoral Mediators in Sepsis

Chapter 20 - Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis

Chapter 21 - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury

Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers

Chapter 22 - Acute Kidney Disease

Chapter 23 - Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care

Chapter 24 - The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 25 - Functional Biomarkers

Chapter 26 - Damage Biomarkers

Chapter 27 - Kidney Stress Biomarkers

Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression

Chapter 28 - Renal Repair and Recovery

Chapter 29 - Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD

Chapter 30 - Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury

Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 31 - Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients

Chapter 32 - Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways

Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 33 - Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques

Chapter 34 - Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound

Chapter 35 - Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 36 - Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques

Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 37 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction

Chapter 38 - Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma

Chapter 39 - Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 40 - Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy

Chapter 41 - Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Chapter 42 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery

Chapter 43 - Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery

Chapter 44 - Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure

Chapter 45 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis

Chapter 46 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 47 - Acute Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 48 - Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 49 - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

Chapter 50 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts

Chapter 51 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury

Chapter 52 - Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 53 - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes

Chapter 54 - Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes

Chapter 55 - Assessment of Urine Biochemistry

Chapter 56 - Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance

Chapter 57 - Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium

Chapter 58 - Calcium and Phosphate Physiology

Chapter 59 - Principles of Fluid Therapy

Chapter 60 - Blood Transfusion Therapy

Chapter 61 - Loop and Thiazide Diuretics

Chapter 62 - Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia

Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene

Section 13: Acid-Base

Chapter 64 - Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap

Chapter 65 - Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders

Chapter 66 - Metabolic Acidosis

Chapter 67 - Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis

Chapter 68 - Renal Tubular Acidosis

Chapter 69 - Metabolic Alkalosis

Chapter 70 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders

Chapter 71 - Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders

Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 72 - Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 73 - Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 74 - Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 75 - Carbohydrates and Lipids

Chapter 76 - Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness

Chapter 77 - Anemia of Critical Illness

Chapter 78 - Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 79 - Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care

Chapter 80 - Enteral Nutrition

Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis

Chapter 81 - Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient

Chapter 82 - Innate Immunity and the Kidney

Chapter 83 - Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness

Chapter 84 - Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 85 - Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 86 - Sepsis and Septic Shock

Chapter 87 - Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis

Chapter 88 - Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis

Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Book chapterFull text access

Chapter 89 - Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Chapter 90 - Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 91 - Recommendations for Sepsis Management

Chapter 92 - Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 93 - Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 94 - Blood Purification for Sepsis

Chapter 95 - Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant

Chapter 96 - Critical Care Viral Infections

Chapter 97 - Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure

Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 98 - Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication

Chapter 99 - Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 100 - Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics

Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk

Chapter 102 - Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 103 - Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 104 - Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 105 - Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 106 - Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 107 - Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 108 - Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury

Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney

Chapter 109 - Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 110 - Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome

Chapter 111 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1

Chapter 112 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2

Chapter 113 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3

Chapter 114 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4

Chapter 115 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5

Chapter 116 - Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart

Chapter 117 - The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction

Chapter 118 - Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure

Chapter 119 - Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients

Chapter 120 - Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease

Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney

Chapter 121 - Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 122 - The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 123 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function

Chapter 124 - Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal

Chapter 125 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children

Chapter 126 - Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome

Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney

Chapter 127 - Liver-Kidney Interaction

Chapter 128 - Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 129 - Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation

Chapter 130 - Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices

Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney

Chapter 131 - Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema

Chapter 132 - Renal Protection in the Organ Donor

Chapter 133 - Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain

Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill

Chapter 134 - Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring

Chapter 135 - Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 136 - Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach

Chapter 137 - Mechanical Fluid Removal

Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 138 - Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 139 - Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena

Chapter 140 - Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 141 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology

Chapter 142 - Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits

Chapter 143 - Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids

Chapter 144 - Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 145 - The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency

Chapter 146 - Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 147 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies

Chapter 148 - Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 149 - Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis

Chapter 150 - Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration

Chapter 151 - Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System

Chapter 152 - Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid

Chapter 153 - Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 154 - Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 155 - Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques

Chapter 156 - Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments

Chapter 157 - Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 158 - Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 159 - Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 160 - The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness

Chapter 161 - Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant

Chapter 162 - Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)

Chapter 163 - Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support

Chapter 164 - Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 165 - Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies

Chapter 166 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection

Chapter 167 - Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 168 - Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 169 - Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit

Chapter 170 - Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery

Chapter 171 - High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 172 - Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

Chapter 173 - High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal

Chapter 174 - Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 175 - Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 176 - Nomenclature: Basic Principles

Chapter 177 - Nomenclature: Techniques

Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 178 - Peritoneal Dialysis System

Chapter 179 - Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 180 - Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier

Chapter 181 - Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous

Chapter 182 - Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 183 - Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 184 - Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 185 - Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 186 - Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 187 - Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy

Chapter 188 - Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis

Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis

Chapter 189 - Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application

Chapter 190 - Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results

Chapter 191 - Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption

Chapter 192 - Prometheus System

Chapter 193 - Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems

Chapter 194 - Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System

Chapter 195 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support

Chapter 196 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support

Chapter 197 - Cell-Based Therapies

Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics

Chapter 198 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 199 - Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 200 - Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 201 - Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 202 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 203 - Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 204 - Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 205 - Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 206 - Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant

Chapter 207 - Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 208 - Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery

Chapter 209 - Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 210 - Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care

Chapter 211 - Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 212 - Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation

Chapter 213 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 214 - Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 215 - Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 216 - Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department

Chapter 217 - Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 218 - Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 219 - Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 220 - Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney

Chapter 221 - Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney

Chapter 222 - Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney

Chapter 223 - Statins and the Kidney

Chapter 224 - Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients

Chapter 225 - Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 226 - End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 227 - Hypothermia and the Kidney

Chapter 228 - Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury