Human Body Composition

Part I: The Science of Body Composition Research
Chapter 1. Study of Body Composition: An Overview
Wei Shen, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, ZiMian Wang, and Steven B. Heymsfield
History

-Body Composition Rules and Models

-Future Directions
Part II: Body Composition Measurement Methods
Chapter 2. Hydrodensitometry and Air Displacement Plethysmography
Scott B. Going

-Body Composition Models

-Estimation of Body Volume by Underwater Weighing

-Recommended Procedures for Hydrodensitometry

-Air Displacement Plethysmography

-Summary
Chapter 3. Hydrometry
Dale A. Schoeller

-Total Body Water

-Intracellular Water and Extracellular Water

-Summary
Chapter 4. Whole-Body Counting and Neutron Activation Analysis
Kenneth J. Ellis

-Whole-Body Counting

-Neutron Activation Analysis
Chapter 5. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Timothy G. Lohman and Zhao Chen

-History and Development of DXA

-Assumptions of DXA and Their Validity

-Applicability of DXA

-Equipment: Hardware

-Equipment: Software

-Measurement Procedures

-Calibration Procedures

-Precision of Total and Regional Composition Estimates

-Accuracy of DXA for the Measurement of Fatness

-Accuracy of DXA Regional Body Composition Assessments

-Estimating Body Composition Changes

-Hydration Status As a Confounder in DXA Body Composition Estimates

-Application of DXA to Pediatric Populations

-DXA Use in Multicomponent Models

-Steps Toward Standardization of DXA

-Recommended Procedure for DXA Measurements

-Summary
Chapter 6. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Wm. Cameron Chumlea and Shumei S. Sun

-Physical Electrical Properties

-Bioelectrical Properties

-Measuring Impedance

-Impedance History

-Single- and Multiple-Frequency Impedance

-Impedance and Body Composition

-Changes in Body Composition

-Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance

-Impedance and Blood Chemistry

-Summary
Chapter 7. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Robert Ross and Ian Janssen

-CT Image Acquisition

-MRI Image Acquisition

-CT Image Analysis

-MRI Image Analysis

-Determination of Tissue Volume

-CT Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality

-CT Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality

-MRI Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality

-MRI Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality

-Validity of Tissue Quantity by CT

-Validity of Tissue Quantity by MRI

-Comparison of CT and MRI

-Applications of CT and MRI on Tissue Quantity and Quality

-Future Directions

-Potential of CT and MRI in Large-Scale Studies

-Summary
Chapter 8. Anthropometry and Ultrasound
Anna Bellisari and Alex F. Roche

-Anthropometry

-Ultrasound

-Summary
Chapter 9. Pediatric Body Composition Methods
Aviva Sopher, Wei Shen, and Angelo Pietrobelli

-Multicomponent Models

-Hydrodensitometry

-Air Displacement Plethysmography

-Dilution Methods

-Whole-Body Counting

-Electrical Methods

-Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

-Imaging Methods

-Anthropometry

-Summary
Chapter 10. Animal Body Composition Methods
Maria S. Johnson and Tim R. Nagy

-Carcass Analysis

-Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)

-Total Body Water by Isotope Dilution

-Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

-Computed Tomography (CT)

-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)

-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

-Summary
Chapter 11. Statistical Methods
Shumei S. Sun and Wm. Cameron Chumlea

-Accuracy of Predictive Equations

-Validity of the Response Variable

-Precision of the Predictor Variables

-Relationships Between Predictor Variables and Response Variables

-Statistical Methods

-Size and Nature of the Sample

-Published Predictive Equations

-Summary
Part III: Body Composition Models and Components
Chapter 12. Multicomponent Molecular-Level Models of Body Composition Analysis
ZiMian Wang, Wei Shen, Robert T. Withers, and Steven B. Heymsfield

-General Concepts of Molecular-Level Body Composition Methods

-Three-, Four-, and Six-Component Hydrodensitometry Methods

-Four- and Six-Component Neutron Activation Methods

-Six-Component Total Body Carbon Method

-Multicomponent Total Body Protein Method

-Summary
Chapter 13. Measuring Adiposity and Fat Distribution in Relation to Health
Lu??Â??“s B. Sardinha and Pedro J. Teixeira

-Total Body Fatness

-Fat Distribution

-Summary
Chapter 14. Assessing Muscle Mass
Henry C. Lukaski

-Anthropometric Indicators of Muscle Mass

-Muscle Metabolites

-Radiographic Methods

-Nuclear Techniques

-Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

-High-Frequency Energy Absorption (HFEA)

-Summary
Chapter 15. Body Composition, Organ Mass, and Resting Energy Expenditure
Dympna Gallagher and Marinos Elia

-Measurement of REE

-Quantifying Specific Organ and Tissue Masses

-Specific Metabolic Rates of Organs and Tissues

-Modeling REE

-REE and Organ Metabolic Rates During the Life Span

-REE: Race and Ethnicity

-REE in Disease

-Ongoing Efforts in the Measurement of Tissue-Specific Metabolic Rates

-Summary
Part IV: Body Composition and Biological Influences
Chapter 16. Genetic Influences on Human Body Composition
Peter Katzmarzyk and Claude Bouchard

-Basic Concepts

-Methods

-Genetics and Body Fat Content

-Genetics and Fat Topography

-Genetic Pleiotropy and Body Fat Phenotypes

-Genetics and Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes

-Summary
Chapter 17. Age
Richard N. Baumgartner

-Fat Mass

-Fat Distribution

-Fat-Free Mass

-Summary
Chapter 18. Variation in Body Composition Associated With Sex and Ethnicity
Robert M. Malina

-Reference Values

-Total Body Composition

-Adipose Tissue Distribution

-Bone As a Component of Body Composition

-Skeletal Muscle

-Summary
Chapter 19. Pregnancy
Sally Ann Lederman

-Why Measure Pregnancy Body Composition?

-Measuring Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy

-Advances of the Field
Chapter 20. Exercise
Daniel P. Williams, Pedro J. Teixeira, and Scott B. Going

-Body Weight

-Whole-Body Fat

-Visceral Adipose Tissue

-Fat-Free Mass, Lean Soft Tissue, and Skeletal Muscle

-Bone

-Summary
Chapter 21. Hormonal Influences on Human Body Composition
Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Per Bjorntorp

-Hormonal Effects Through the Life Cycle

-Effects of Glucocorticoids

-Interactions Between Hormones

-Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Hormones

-Regulation of Energy Exchange

-Summary
Part V: Body Composition and Pathological States
Chapter 22. Morbidity and Mortality Associations
Jacob C. Seidell

-Anthropometric Measures in Relation to Morbidity and Mortality: Methodological Issues

-Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Mortality

-Body Composition and Aging: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality

-Effect of Age on the Association Between Weight Change and Health

-Effect of Age on the Association Between Fat Distribution and Health

-Summary
Chapter 23. Body Composition and Cancer
Zhao Chen

-Body Composition and Cancer Risk

-Body Composition and Cancer Treatment

-Cancer-Related Wasting

-Other Applications of Body Composition Assessments in Cancer Research

-Summary
Chapter 24. Obesity and Diabetes: Body Composition Determinants of Insulin Resistance
Bret H. Goodpaster and David E. Kelley

-Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity

-Fat-Free Mass and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity

-Abdominal Adiposity: Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Type 2 DM

-Lower-Extremity Adipose Tissue

-Skeletal Muscle Fat Content

-Hepatic Steatosis and IR in Obesity and Type 2 DM

-Effects of Weight Loss on Body Composition and IR

-Summary
Chapter 25. Body Composition Studies in People With HIV
Donald P. Kotler and Ellen S. Engelson

-Early Studies (1981-1983)

-Body Composition Assessment

-Cross-Sectional Studies

-Studies of Pathogenic Mechanisms

-Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes

-Longitudinal Studies

-Studies of Nutritional Therapies

-HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy

-Pseudotruncal Obesity

-Treatment of Fat Redistribution

-Switch Studies

-Summary
Chapter 26. Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition
Ian Janssen and Ronenn Roubenoff

-Influence of Metabolic Imbalances on Body Composition

-Influence of Immune Mediators on Metabolism

-Usefulness of Body Composition As a Measure of Chronic Disease Status

-Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Adults

-Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents

-Summary
Appendix: Reference Body Composition Tables
Abbreviations
References
Index