API Textbook of Medicine (Volume I & II)

Volume 1

Part 1 Introduction

• The Practice of Medicine
• Disease Profile and Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases in India

Part 2 Clinical Approach to Key Manifestations

• Pain:: Mechanism and Management
• Headache
• Chest Pain
• Acute Abdomen:: Non-surgical Causes
• Cough
• Haemoptysis
• Jaundice
• Clinical Approach to Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
• Approach to Patient with Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
• Fever of Unknown Origin
• Generalised Lymphadenopathy
• Dizziness and Vertigo
• Syncope
• Coma
• Appropriate Ordering of Radiological Investigations
• A Clinical Approach to Patients with Ascites
• Anasarca:: A Clinical Approach
• Approach to a Patient with Dyspnoea
• Clinical Approach to Exanthematous Fever

Part 3 Diagnostic Imaging

• Conventional Radiology
• Ultrasound in Medicine
• Computed Tomography
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Nuclear Imaging
• Positron Emission Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Part 4 Clinical Pharmacology

• Drug Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs
• Introduction to Pharmacology
• Rational Use of Medicines
• Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Basis of Pharmacotherapy
• Pharmacovigilance:: Safety Monitoring of Medicines
• Role of National Formulary of India in National Health Care System

Part 5 Immunology

• An Overview of the Immune System
• General Concepts of Immuno-inflammatory Disorders
• Immunology of Infectious Diseases
• Approach to a Patient with Suspected Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder
• Laboratory Investigations in Immune-mediated Diseases
• Pharmacological Manipulation of the Immune System
• Immunology of Organ and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Part 6 Medical Genetics

• Introduction to Medical Genetics
• Mendel and Beyond
• Clinical, Conventional and Molecular Cytogenetics
• Genetic Tests
• Inborn Errors of Metabolism
• Molecular Genetics, Human Genome Project and Genomic Medicine
• Gene Therapy
• Genetic Counselling and Prenatal Diagnosis
• Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Medicine
• Cancer Genetics

Part 7 Critical Care Medicine

• Basic Considerations in Critical Care
• Monitoring of Critically Ill Patients
• Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Health and Disease
• Acid-Base Disorders
• Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients
• Acute Respiratory Failure
• Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation
• Hypotension and Shock
• Advanced Cardiac Life Support
• Brain Death and Support of Brain Dead Organ Donor

Part 8 Bone Disorders

• Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health and Disease
• Investigation and Diagnosis of Bone Disorders
• Rickets and Osteomalacia
• Osteoporosis
• Developmental Disorders of Bone
• Miscellaneous Bone Disorders

Part 9 Diabetes Mellitus

• Epidemiology and Basic Considerations of
• Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
• Life-style Modification in the Management of Diabetes
• Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
• Insulins
• Newer Modalities of Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• In-Hospital Management of Diabetes Mellitus
• Hypoglycaemia
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State and Lactic Acidosis
• Infections in Diabetes Mellitus
• Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
• Microvascular Diseases:: Pathogenesis of Chronic Complications
• Diabetes and Kidney Disease
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Diabetic Neuropathy
• Sexual Dysfunction in Diabetes
• Management of Diabetic Foot
• Diabetes and Pregnancy
• Diabetes in the Elderly
• Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

Part 10 Endocrinology

• Basic Considerations of Endocrinology
• Endocrine Disorders:: A Clinical Approach
• Disorders of Hypothalamus and Pineal Gland
• Disorders of Anterior Pituitary
• Disorders of Posterior Pituitary
• Disorders of Thyroid Glands
• Disorders of Parathyroid Glands
• Disorders of Adrenal Glands
• Disorders of Puberty
• Disorders of Growth and Development
• Disorders of Gonads
• Endocrine Disorders of Female Gonads

Part 11 Dermatology

• Introduction and Principles of Diagnosis in Dermatology
• Infections and Infestations
• Allergic and Inflammatory Disorders
• Psoriasis and Papulosquamous Disorders
• Acne and Acneiform Eruptions
• Bullous Diseases
• Pigmentary Disorders
• Cutaneous Responses to Environmental Factors
• Skin Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
• Pre-malignant Conditions and Malignant Tumours of the Skin
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Hair and Nail Disorders
• Leprosy
• Dermatology Therapy

Part 12 Cardiology

• Basic Considerations in Cardiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases:: A Clinical Approach
• Electrocardiology
• Exercise Testing
• Echocardiography
• Cardiac Imaging
• Nuclear Cardiology
• Cardiac Catheterisation and Angiocardiography
• Heart Failure
• Treatment of Heart Failure
• Acute Rheumatic Fever
• Valvular Heart Disease (I)
• Valvular Heart Disease (II)
• Infective Endocarditis
• Atherosclerosis
• Ischaemic Heart Disease
• Acute Coronary Syndrome—NSTEMI
• Acute Myocardial Infarction—STEMI
• Hypertension and Its Management
• Resistant Hypertension
• Bradyarrhythmias
• Tachyarrhythmias
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Heart in Systemic Diseases
• Disorders of the Myocardium
• Diseases of the Pericardium
• Surgical Management of Heart Disease
• Diseases of the Aorta
• Vascular Disorders of the Extremities
• Pregnancy and Heart Disease
• Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Part 13 Gastroenterology

• Basic Considerations in Gastroenterology
• Clinical Approach to a Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease
• Investigations:: Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utility of Endoscopy
• Oesophageal Disorders
• Diseases of the Stomach and Duodenum
• Gastrointestinal Bleeding
• Acute Pancreatitis
• Chronic Pancreatitis
• Neoplasms of the Pancreas
• Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Constipation:: Diagnosis and Management
• Diarrhoea and Malabsorption
• Abdominal Tuberculosis
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Ischaemic Bowel Disorders
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Extra-abdominal and Systemic Diseases

Part 14 Hepatology

• Basic Considerations of Hepatobiliary Disorders
• Hepatobiliary Disorders:: Clinical Approach and Investigations
• Hepatobiliary Disorders:: Imaging
• Acute Viral Hepatitis
• Chronic Viral Hepatitis
• Chronic Non-viral Hepatitis
• Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Cirrhosis of the Liver
• Extrahepatic Portal Venous Obstruction
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
• Acute Liver Failure
• Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Liver
• Parasitic Diseases of the Liver
• Toxic and Drug-induced Liver
• Liver Transplantation
• Pregnancy and Liver Diseases
• Liver in Systemic Diseases
• Tumours of the Liver
• Diseases of the Gall Bladder and Biliary Tract

Part 15 Haematology

• Haematopoiesis
• Anaemia:: A Clinical Approach
• Splenomegaly:: A Clinical Approach
• Iron Deficiency Anaemia
• Megaloblastic Anaemia
• Hereditary Haemolytic
• Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia
• Aplastic Anaemia
• Acute Leukaemia
• Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
• Myelodysplastic Syndromes
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
• Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
• Bleeding Disorders
• Platelet Disorders
• Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
• Disorders of Coagulation
• Hypercoagulable Disorders
• Transfusion Medicine
• Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Part 16 HIV and AIDS

• Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
• HIV Virology and Immunology Including Diagnosis
• Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
• Antiretroviral Therapy
• Drug Resistance
• Non-opportunistic Infections
• Opportunistic Infections
• Non-pharmacologic Interventions and Prevention

Volume 2

Part 17 Infectious Diseases

A. General Considerations

• Basic Considerations of Infections
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Infections
• Syndromic Approach to Infectious Diseases
• Antimicrobial Therapy
• Infection in the Immunocompromised Host
• Hospital-acquired Infections/Nosocomial Infections
• Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections
• Hospital Infection Control

B. Bacterial Infections

• Staphylococcal Infections
• Streptococcal Infections
• Pneumococcal Infections
• Meningococcal Infections
• Gonococcal Infections
• Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
• Bacillary Dysentery
• Cholera
• Diseases Caused by Gram-negative Enteric Bacilli
• HaemophilusInfl uenzae Infections
• Legionnaires’ Disease
• Plague and Other Yersinia Infections
• Clostridial Infections
• Diphtheria
• Pertussis:: Whooping Cough

C. Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections

• Syphilis
• Non-syphilitic Treponematoses
• Leptospirosis
• Other Spirochaetal Infections:: Lyme Disease and Rat Bite Fever
• Anaerobic Infections
• Atypical Mycobacterial Infection
• Brucellosis
• Donovanosis
• Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis
• Bartonella Infections
• Melioidosis

D. Rickettsial, Chlamydial and Mycoplasma Infections

• Rickettsial Infections
• Chlamydial Infections
• Mycoplasma Infections

E. Viral Infections

• Basic Considerations of Viral Diseases
• Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
• Human Papillomavirus and Parvovirus Infections
• Swine Flu/Avian Flu
• Dengue
• Ebola and Marburg Infections
• Japanese Encephalitis
• Rabies
• Viral Gastroenteritis
• Mumps
• Measles (Rubeola)
• Smallpox
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
• Prion Disease
• Human Babesiosis

F. Protozoal Diseases

• Malaria
• Amoebiasis and Giardiasis
• Leishmaniasis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Trypanosomiasis
• Cryptosporidiosis, Trichomoniasis, Balantidiasis and Isosporiasis

G. Helminthic Diseases

• Ankylostomiasis, Ascariasis and Other Nematodal Infections
• Tapeworm and Hydatid Diseases
• Filariasis and Other Related Infestations
• Schistosomiasis/Bilharziasis

H. Fungal Infections

• Systemic Fungal Infections
• Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia

Part 18 Disorders of Metabolism

• Basic Considerations of Metabolism
• Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Lipids and Lipoprotein Metabolism
• Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
• Iron Metabolism and Iron Overload Syndrome
• Porphyrias
• Wilson’s Disease
• Lysosomal Storage Disorders
• Inherited Disorders of Membrane Transport
• Amyloidosis
• Disorders of Adipose Tissue and Obesity
• The Metabolic Syndrome

Part 19 Nephrology

• Structure and Function of the Kidney
• Kidney Disease:: A Clinical Approach
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Primary Glomerular Diseases
• Secondary Glomerular Diseases
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Nephrolithiasis and Urinary Tract
• Vascular Injury to Kidney
• Polycystic Kidney Disease and Inherited Tubular Disorders
• Dialysis and Other Extracorporeal Therapies
• Renal Transplantation
• Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney
• Drug Nephrotoxicity and Renal Dosage Adjustment

Part 20 Neurology

• Neurological Disorders:: Basic Consideration and Clinical Approach
• Clinical Neurophysiology
• Neuroimaging
• Epilepsy
• Disorders of Speech
• Disorders of Cranial Nerves
• Ischaemic Cerebrovascular Diseases
• Haemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Diseases
• Cerebrovenous Thrombotic Disorders
• Bacterial Meningitis and Brain Abscess
• Neurotuberculosis
• Neurosyphilis
• Viral Infections of Central Nervous System
• Slow Virus Infections and Prion Diseases
• Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
• Raised Intracranial Pressure and Hydrocephalus
• Dementia
• Extrapyramidal Disorders
• Cerebellar Disorders
• Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases
• Demyelinating Diseases of Nervous System
• Nutritional and Toxic Disorders of the Nervous System
• Metabolic Disorders of Nervous System
• Intracranial Space-occupying Lesions
• Head Injury
• Peripheral Neuropathy
• Disorders of Autonomic Nervous System
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Diseases of Muscles
• Non-compressive Myelopathies
• Compressive Myelopathies

Part 21 Oncology

• Developments in Oncology
• Principles of Cancer Biology and Pathology
• Cancer Screening and Prevention
• Principles of Drug Treatment of Cancer
• Principles of Radiotherapy
• Head and Neck Cancers
• Breast Cancer
• Tumours of the Gastrointestinal Tract (Stomach and Oesophagus)
• Colorectal Cancer
• Genitourinary Cancers
• Gynaecological Malignancies
• Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma
• Cancer of Unknown Primary Site
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes
• Cancers in the Predisposed Host
• Oncological Emergencies
• Supportive Care in Cancer

Part 22 Psychiatric Medicine

• Introduction and Basic Considerations in Psychiatry
• Organic Mental Disorders
• Substance Use Disorders
• Psychosis and Schizophrenia
• Mood Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders
• Emergency Psychiatry
• Sexual Disorders
• Biological and Somatic Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
• Psychotherapies in Mental

Part 23 Pulmonary Medicine

• Respiratory System:: Basic Anatomy and Physiology
• Pulmonary Disorders:: A Clinical Approach
• Diagnostic Procedures in Pulmonary Disorders
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
• Bronchial Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Pneumonia
• Suppurative Pleuro-pulmonary Diseases
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis
• Fungal Infections of the Lungs
• Diffuse Interstitial Lung Diseases
• Eosinophilic Lung Diseases and Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
• Sarcoidosis
• Sleep-related Breathing Disorders
• Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
• Diseases of Pleura, Mediastinum, Diaphragm and Chest Wall
• Benign and Malignant Tracheobronchial Tumours
• Atelectasis and Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Cor Pulmonale
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Part 24 Rheumatology

• Basic Considerations of Rheumatology
• Soft Tissue Rheumatism and Regional Rheumatic Pain Syndromes
• Low Back Pain
• Osteoarthritis
• Gout and Other Crystal Arthritides
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Spondarthritides
• Sjögren’s Syndrome
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Antiphospholipid Syndrome
• Inflammatory Muscle Diseases
• Systemic Sclerosis
• The Vasculitides
• Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Overlap Syndromes
• Rheumatic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
• Miscellaneous Rheumatic Disorders
• Emergencies in Rheumatology
• Tropical Rheumatic Diseases

Part 25 Nutrition

• Nutrition:: Basic Considerations
• Assessment of Nutritional Status
• Protein Energy Malnutrition
• Water-soluble Vitamins
• Fat-soluble Vitamins
• Minerals, Trace Elements and Antioxidants
• Food Allergy and Food Intolerance
• Eating Disorders
• Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support

Part 26 Poisoning and Toxicology

• Poisoning:: Basic Considerations and Epidemiology
• Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning
• Organophosphorous Poisoning
• Corrosive Poisoning
• Alcohol Poisoning
• Plant Poisoning
• Drug Overdose
• Snake Bite Poisoning
• Scorpion Sting
• Fluorosis
• Lathyrism
• Epidemic Dropsy
• Heavy Metal Poisoning
• Miscellaneous Poisonings

Part 27 Environmental Medicine

• Basic Considerations of Environmental and Occupational Diseases
• Climate Change:: Health and Disease
• Air Pollution and Public Health
• Air-borne Pollutants and Smoke-related Hazards
• Drowning, Near Drowning and Submersion Injury
• Electric Shock and Lightning Injury
• Effects of Extremes of Temperature
• High Altitude Medicine
• Aerospace Medicine
• Radiation Hazards
• Environmental Disasters

Part 28 Miscellaneous

• Oral Health and Systemic Diseases
• Geriatric Medicine:: An Overview
• Frailty Syndrome
• Polypharmacy in Elderly
• Sexual Medicine
• Sports Medicine
• Life-style Modifi cations to Prevent and Control Diseases
• Diet in Medical Diseases
• Tobacco Smoking-related Diseases and Tobacco Cessation
• Adult Immunisation
• Travel Medicine
• Perioperative Management
• Law and Medicine
• Care of Terminally Ill

Part 29 Future of Medicine

• Futuristic Medicine
• Regenerative Medicine
• Introduction to Space Medicine
• Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
• Robotic Surgery

Index