Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology

Brain

Pathology-Based Diagnoses

Congenital Malformations

Approach to Brain Malformations

Hindbrain Malformations

Dandy-Walker Continuum

Rhombencephalosynapsis

Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias

Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert)

Cerebellar Dysplastic Gangliocytoma

Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Disorders of Diverticulation/Cleavage

Holoprosencephaly

Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant)

Septo-Optic Dysplasia

Commissural Abnormalities

Malformations of Cortical Development

Congenital Microcephaly

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy

Heterotopic Gray Matter

Polymicrogyria

Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Lissencephaly

Schizencephaly

Hemimegalencephaly

DNET

Familial Tumor/Neurocutaneous Syndromes

Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain

Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain

von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Meningioangiomatosis

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

Neurocutaneous Melanosis

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis

Trauma

Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage

Epidural Hematoma, Classic

Acute Subdural Hematoma

Evolving Subdural Hematoma

Cerebral Contusion

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Subcortical Injury

Abusive Head Trauma

Stroke

Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Hydranencephaly

White Matter Injury of Prematurity

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Childhood Stroke

Sickle Cell Disease, Brain

Moyamoya

Vascular Malformations

CVMs With AV Shunting

Arteriovenous Malformation

Dural AV Fistula

Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation

CVMs Without AV Shunting

Developmental Venous Anomaly

Sinus Pericranii

Cavernous Malformation

Capillary Telangiectasia

Neoplasms

Astrocytic Tumors

Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Pilomyxoid Astrocytomas

Anaplastic Astrocytoma

Glioblastoma

Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma

Brainstem Tumors

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma

Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma

Ependymal Tumors

Supratentorial Ependymoma

Infratentorial Ependymoma

Embryonal Tumors With Multilayered Rosettes

Choroid Plexus Tumors

Choroid Plexus Papilloma

Choroid Plexus Carcinoma

Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors

Ganglioglioma

Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors

Pineal Parenchymal Tumors

Pineoblastoma

Embryonal and Neuroblastic Tumors

Medulloblastoma

Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumor

Metastatic Neuroblastoma

Histiocytic and Hematopoetic Tumors

Leukemia

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain

Germ Cell Tumors

Germinoma

Teratoma

Nonneoplastic Cysts and Tumor Mimics

Arachnoid Cyst

Dermoid Cyst

Epidermoid Cyst

Neuroglial Cyst

Enlarged Perivascular Spaces

Pineal Cyst

Choroid Plexus Cyst

Ependymal Cyst

Porencephalic Cyst

Neurenteric Cyst

Lipoma

Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Disease

Congenital/Neonatal Infections

Congenital CMV

Congenital HIV

Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis

Group B Streptococcal Meningitis

Citrobacter Meningitis

Acquired Infections

Abscess, Brain

Ventriculitis

Empyema

Herpes Encephalitis Type 1

Miscellaneous Encephalitis

Rasmussen Encephalitis

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

Tuberculosis

Neurocysticercosis

Miscellaneous Parasites

Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease

Multiple Sclerosis

ADEM

Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders

Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders

Normal Variants

Hypomyelination

Mitochondrial Disorders

MELAS

Mitochondrial Encephalopathies

Lysosomal Disorders

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Gangliosidosis (GM2)

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

Peroxisomal Disorders

Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders

X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

Organic and Aminoacidopathies

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Urea Cycle Disorders

Glutaric Aciduria Type 1

Canavan Disease

Alexander Disease

Miscellaneous

Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts

Vanishing White Matter

X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth

PKAN

Huntington Disease

Wilson Disease

Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders

Hypoglycemia

Kernicterus

Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES

Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

Cerebellitis

Anatomy-Based Diagnoses

Ventricles and Cisterns

Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues

Cavum Septi Pellucidi

Cavum Velum Interpositum

Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces

Hydrocephalus

Aqueductal Stenosis

CSF Shunts and Complications

Sella and Pituitary

Approach to Pituitary Development

Pituitary Anomalies

Craniopharyngioma

Hypothalamic hamartoma

Skull, Scalp, and Meninges

Congenital

Congenital Calvarial Defects

Craniosynostoses

Cephalocele

Atretic Cephalocele

Trauma

Calvarial Fracture

Intracranial Hypotension

Nonneoplastic and Tumor-like Disorders

Fibrous Dysplasia

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Thick Skull

Head and Neck

Temporal Bone and Skull Base

Classification of Inner Ear Malformation

Labyrinthine Aplasia

Oval Window Atresia

Cochlear Aplasia

Cochlear Hypoplasia

Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia

X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2)

Common Cavity Malformation

Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation

Large Vestibular Aqueduct

Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia

Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts

CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst

Congenital Cholesteatoma

Acquired Cholesteatoma

Skull Base Chondrosarcoma

Orbit, Nose, and Sinuses

Nasal Glioma

Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele

Nasal Dermal Sinus

Choanal Atresia

Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis

Juvenile Angiofibroma

Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia

Macrophthalmia

Coloboma

Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele

Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid

Orbital Cellulitis

Orbital Vascular Malformations

Orbital Infantile Hemangioma

Retinoblastoma

Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck

Approach to Congenital Lesions of the Neck

Lingual Thyroid

Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid

Reactive Lymph Nodes

Suppurative Adenitis

Multiple Regions, Head and Neck

1st Branchial Cleft Cyst

2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst

3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst

4th Branchial Cleft Cyst

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Cervical Thymic Cyst

Venous Malformation

Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical

Infantile Hemangioma

Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck

Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space

Fibromatosis Colli

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors

Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Spine

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Congenital

Normal Anatomical Variations

Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma

Ventriculus Terminalis

Chiari Disorders

Chiari 1 Malformation

Chiari 2 Malformation

Chiari 3 Malformation

Abnormalities of Neurulation

Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development

Myelomeningocele

Lipomyelomeningocele

Dorsal Dermal Sinus

Dermoid Cyst

Epidermoid Cyst

Anomalies of Caudal Cell Mess

Tethered Spinal Cord

Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis

Caudal Regression Syndrome

Nonterminal Myelocystocele

Myelocystocele

Anterior Sacral Meningocele

Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Anomalies of Notochord and Vertebral Formation

Craniovertebral Junction Variants

Klippel-Feil Spectrum

Failure of Vertebral Formation

Vertebral Segmentation Failure

Partial Vertebral Duplication

Diastematomyelia

Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element

Neurenteric Cyst

Developmental Abnormalities

Lateral Meningocele

Dorsal Spinal Meningocele

Dural Dysplasia

Genetic Disorders

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Achondroplasia

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Sickle Cell Disease

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Scoliosis and Kyphosis

Developmental Spinal Stenosis

Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Idiopathic Scoliosis

Idiopathic Kyphosis

Trauma

Apophyseal Ring Fracture

Developmental and Degenerative Diseases

Schmorl Node

Scheuermann Disease

Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Infection and Inflammatory Disorders

Infections

Pyogenic Osteomyelitis

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders

Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis

Neuromyelitis Optica

ADEM

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses

Neoplasms

Extradural Space

Osteoid Osteoma

Osteoblastoma

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

Osteochondroma

Osteosarcoma

Chordoma

Ewing Sarcoma

Leukemia, Spine

Neuroblastic Tumor

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Angiolipoma

Intradural Extramedullary Space

Spinal Lipoma

CSF Disseminated Metastases

Myxopapillary Ependymoma

Intramedullary Space

Astrocytoma

Cellular Ependymoma

Nonneoplastic Cysts and Tumor Mimics

Syringomyelia

Epidural Lipomatosis

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Spine Postprocedural Imaging

Hardware Failure