Diagnostic Imaging: Spine

Part I: Congenital and Genetic Disorders

SECTION 1: CONGENITAL

NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS

Normal Anatomy

Measurement Techniques

MR Artifacts

Normal Variant

Craniovertebral Junction Variants

Ponticulus Posticus

Ossiculum Terminale

Conjoined Nerve Roots

Limbus Vertebra

Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma

Bone Island

Ventriculus Terminalis

CHIARI DISORDERS

Chiari 0

Chiari 1

Complex Chiari

Chiari 2

Chiari 3

ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION

Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development

Myelomeningocele

Lipomyelomeningocele

Lipoma

Dorsal Dermal Sinus

Simple Coccygeal Dimple

Dermoid Cysts

Epidermoid Cysts

ANOMALIES OF THE CAUDAL CELL MESS

Tethered Spinal Cord

Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis

Caudal Regression Syndrome

Terminal Myelocystocele

Anterior Sacral Meningocele

120 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION

Craniovertebral Junction Embryology

Paracondylar Process

Split Atlas

Klippel-Feil Spectrum

Failure of Vertebral Formation

Vertebral Segmentation Failure

Diastematomyelia

Partial Vertebral Duplication

Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element

Neurenteric Cyst

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

Os Odontoideum

Lateral Meningocele

Dorsal Spinal Meningocele

Dural Dysplasia

GENETIC DISORDERS

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Achondroplasia

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Sickle Cell Disease

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Tuberous Sclerosis

Osteopetrosis

Gaucher Disease

Ochronosis

Connective Tissue Disorders

Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

Thanatophoric Dwarfism

SECTION 2: SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS

Introduction to Scoliosis

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Degenerative Scoliosis

Flat Back Syndrome

Scoliosis Instrumentation

Part II: Trauma

SECTION 1: VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS, AND PARASPINAL MUSCLE

Fracture Classification

Atlantooccipital Dislocation

Ligamentous Injury

Occipital Condyle Fracture

Jefferson C1 Fracture

Odontoid C2 Fracture

Burst C2 Fracture

Hangmans C2 Fracture

Apophyseal Ring Fracture

Cervical Hyperflexion Injury

Cervical Hyperextension Injury

Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury

Cervical Burst Fracture

Cervical Hyperflexion-Rotation Injury

Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury

Cervical Posterior Column Injury

Traumatic Disc Herniation

Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture

Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture

Fracture Dislocation

Chance Fracture

Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury

Anterior Compression Fracture

Lateral Compression Fracture

Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture

Sacral Traumatic Fracture

Pedicle Stress Fracture

Sacral Insufficiency Fracture

SECTION 2: CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS

SCIWORA

Post-traumatic Syrinx

Presyrinx Edema

Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma

Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation

Central Spinal Cord Syndrome

Traumatic Dural Tear

Traumatic Epidural Hematoma

Traumatic Subdural Hematoma

Vascular Injury, Cervical

Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula

Wallerian Degeneration

Part III: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides

SECTION 1: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative Endplate Changes

Degenerative Arthritis of the CVJ

Disc Bulge

Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc

Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal

Cervical Facet Arthropathy

Lumbar Facet Arthropathy

Facet Joint Synovial Cyst

Baastrup Disease

Bertolotti Syndrome

Schmorl Node

Scheuermann Disease

Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis

Congenital Spinal Stenosis

Cervical Spondylosis

DISH

OPLL

Ossification Ligamentum Flavum

Periodontoid Pseudotumor

SECTION 2: SPONDYLOLISTHESIS AND SPONDYLOLYSIS

Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolysis

Instability

SECTION 3: INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES

Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Spondyloarthropathy

Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy

Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy

Ankylosing Spondylitis

CPPD

Gout

Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis

Part IV: Infection and Inflammatory Disorders

SECTION 1: INFECTIONS

Pathways of Spread

Spinal Meningitis

Pyogenic Osteomyelitis

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis, C1-C2

Brucellar Spondylitis

Septic Facet Joint Arthritis

Paraspinal Abscess

Epidural Abscess

Subdural Abscess

Abscess, Spinal Cord

Viral Myelitis

HIV Myelitis

Syphilitic Myelitis

Opportunistic Infections

Echinococcus

Schistosomiasis

Cysticercosis

SECTION 2: INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

Acute Transverse Myelopathy

Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis

Multiple Sclerosis

Neuromyelitis Optica

ADEM

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

CIDP

Sarcoidosis

Subacute Combined Degeneration

HARDWARE

Metal Artifact

Occipitocervical Fixation

Plates and Screws

Cages

Interbody Fusion Devices

Interspinous Spacing Devices

Cervical Artificial Disc

Lumbar Artificial Disc

Hardware Failure

Bone Graft Complications

rhBMP-2 Complications

Heterotopic Bone Formation

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

Grisel Syndrome

Paraneoplastic Myelopathy

Part V: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses

SECTION 1: NEOPLASMS

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Spread of Neoplasms

EXTRADURAL

Blastic Osseous Metastases

Lytic Osseous Metastases

Hemangioma

Osteoid Osteoma

Osteoblastoma

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

Giant Cell Tumor

Osteochondroma

Chondrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Chordoma

Ewing Sarcoma

Lymphoma

Leukemia

Plasmacytoma

Multiple Myeloma

Neuroblastic Tumor

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Angiolipoma

INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY

Schwannoma

Meningioma

Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma

Neurofibroma

Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors

Metastases, CSF Disseminated

Paraganglioma

INTRAMEDULLARY

Astrocytoma

Cellular Ependymoma

Myxopapillary Ependymoma

Hemangioblastoma

Spinal Cord Metastases

Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma

Ganglioglioma

SECTION 2: NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS

CYSTS

CSF Flow Artifact

Meningeal Cyst

Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst

Syringomyelia

NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR MIMICS

Epidural Lipomatosis

Normal Fatty Marrow Variants

Fibrous Dysplasia

Kümmell Disease

Hirayama Disease

IgG4 Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis

SECTION 3: VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS VASCULAR LESIONS

Vascular Anatomy

Persistent First Intersegmental Artery

Persistent Hypoglossal Artery

Persistent Proatlantal Artery

Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF)

Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

Type 4 Vascular Malformation (AVF)

Conus Arteriovenous Malformation

Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula with Intraspinal Drainage

Cavernous Malformation

Spinal Artery Aneurysm

Spinal Cord Infarction

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma

Subdural Hematoma

Superficial Siderosis

Hematomyelia/Nontraumatic Cord Hemorrhage

Bow Hunter Syndrome

Vertebral Dissection

SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES

Osteoporosis

Paget Disease

Hyperparathyroidism

Renal Osteodystrophy

Hyperplastic Vertebral Marrow

Myelofibrosis

Bone Infarction

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Tumoral Calcinosis

Part VI: Peripheral Nerve and Plexus

SECTION 1: PLEXUS AND PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS

Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy

Superior Sulcus Tumor

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Muscle Denervation

Brachial Plexus Traction Injury

Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis

Traumatic Neuroma

Radiation Plexopathy

Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis

Hypertrophic Neuropathy

Femoral Neuropathy

Ulnar Neuropathy

Suprascapular Neuropathy

Median Neuropathy

Common Peroneal Neuropathy

Tibial Neuropathy

Part VII: Spine Postprocedural Imaging

SECTION 1: POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING AND COMPLICATIONS

Surgical Approaches

Normal Postoperative Change

Postoperative Spinal Complications

Myelography Complications

Vertebroplasty Complications

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

Recurrent Disc Herniation

Peridural Fibrosis

Arachnoiditis/Adhesions

Arachnoiditis Ossificans

Accelerated Degeneration

Postoperative Infection

Pseudomeningocele

CSF Leakage Syndrome

Postsurgical Deformity

SECTION 2: POST-RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLICATIONS

Radiation Myelopathy

Post-Irradiation Vertebral Marrow

Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy