Psychology:: Making Connections

Preface

Foreword by Paul Ekman

1 Introduction to Psychology

What Is Psychology?

Psychology Defined

Why Should You Study Psychology?

Psychology in the Real World:: Intro to Psychology in My Everyday Life

Subdisciplines of Psychology

The Origins of Psychology

A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology

A Brief History of Scientific Psychology

Ways of Thinking About Mind, Body, and Experience

The Nature-Nurture Debate

Mind-Body Dualism

The Evolution of Human Behavior

Connections in Psychology

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Psychology:: Studying Electronic

Social Interactions

Chapter Review

2 Conducting Research in Psychology

The Nature of Science

Common Sense and Logic

The Limits of Observation

What Is Science?

The Scientific Method

Research Process:: The Scientific Method

What Science Is Not:: Pseudoscience

Research Methods in Psychology

Principles of Research Design

Descriptive Studies

Correlational Studies

Experimental Studies

Connecting Psychologists with their Discoveries::

Robert Rosenthal and Experimenter Bias

Meta-analysis

Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research

Self-Report Measures

Behavioral Measures

Physiological Measures

Multiple Measurement

Making Sense of Data with Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Psychology in the Real World:: Beware of Statistics in Advertising

Research Ethics

Ethical Research with Humans

Ethical Research with Animals

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Psychological Research

Chapter Review

3 the Biology of Behavior

Genes and Behavior

The Complex Connection between Genes and Behavior

Polygenic Influence on Behavior

Genes and the Environment

Epigenetics:: How the Environment Changes Gene Expression

The Nervous System

Organization of the Nervous System

The Cells of the Nervous System:: Glial Cells and Neurons

Common Neurotransmitters

Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission

The Brain

Evolution of the Human Brain

Overview of Brain Regions

Psychology in the Real World:: Brain-Computer and Brain-Marchine Interfaces

Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis

connecting Psychologists to Their Discoveries:: Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain

Measuring the Brain

Electroencephalography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

The Endocrine System

Bringing it All Together::Making Connections in the Biology of Behavior What Esref ArmagansStory Reveals About the Brain

Chapter Review

4 Sensing and Perceiving our world

The Long Strange Trip from Sensation to Perception

Basic Sensory Processes

Principles of Perception

Vision

Sensing Visual Stimuli

Connecting Psychologists to Their Discoveries:: Discovery of the Halle Berry Neuron

Perceiving Visual Stimuli

Hearing

The Physics of Sound and the Psychology of Hearing

The Ear

Hearing in the Brain

Psychology in the Real World:: Hearing Loss in the Age of the iPod

The Bodily Senses

Touch

Pain

The Chemical Senses:: Smell and Taste

Smell (Olfaction)

Taste

Synesthesia

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Sensation and Perception Differences Across Cultures

Research Process:: How Culture Affects Perceptionof Foreground–Background

Chapter Review

5 Human Development

The Developing Fetus

Stages of Prenatal Development

Brain and Sensory Development Before Birth

Environmental Infl uences on Fetal Development

The Developing Infant and Child

Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

Personality Development in Infancy

Psychology in the Real World:: Musical Training Changes the Brain

Early Cognitive Development

Development of Moral Reasoning

Early Socioemotional Development

The Developing Adolescent

Physical Development in Adolescence

Cognitive and Brain Development

Social Development in Adolescence

The Developing Adult

Early Adulthood

Middle Adulthood

Death and Dying

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Development

Chapter Review

6 Consciousness

What Is Consciousness?

Two Dimensions of Consciousness::Wakefulness and Awareness

Minimal Consciousness

Moderate Consciousness

Full Consciousness

Attention:: Focusing Consciousness

Selective Attention

Psychology in the Real World::Hazards of Cell Phone Use or Texting While Driving

Sustained Attention

Multi-tasking:: The Implications of Shifting Attention

Meditation and Conscious Experience

Meditation Training and the Brain

Research Process:: How Concentration Meditation Affects Attention

Sleeping and Dreaming

Sleeping

Connecting Psychologists to Their Discoveries:: The Discovery of REM Sleep

Dreaming

Hypnosis

Altering Consciousness with Drugs

Depressants

Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Bringing It All Together:: Making Connections in Consciousness Brain injury Revisited

Chapter Review

7 Memory

Three Types of Memory

Research Process:: To Come

Sensory Memory

Short-Term or Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

The Biological Basis of Memory

The Sensory Cortexes

Pathways of Short-Term Memory in the Hippocampusand Prefrontal Cortex

Long-Term Memory Storage in the Cortex

Emotion, Memory, and the Brain

Connecting Psychologists to Their Discoveries Kandes Discoveries of Memory and the Brain

Psychology in the Real World:: Memory in a Pill

Forgetting and Memory Loss

Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Memory How to Study

Chapter Review

8 Learning

Basic Processes of Learning

Habituation and the Orienting Response

Association

Conditioning Models of Learning

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Psychology in the Real World:: Treating Autism with AppliedBehavior Analysis

Challenges to Conditioning Models of Learning

Breaking New Ground Conditioned Taste Aversion

Social Learning Theory

The Interaction of Nature and Nurture in Learning

Imprinting

Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning

Research Process:: The Discovery of Mirror Neurons

Synaptic Change During Learning

Experience, Enrichment, and Brain Growth

Making Connections in Learning Why Do People Smoke?

Chapter Review

9 Language and Thought

Language

The Nature of Language

The Evolution of Language in Humans

Language Development in Individuals

Theories of Language Acquisition

Can Other Species Learn Human Language?

Language, Culture, and Thought

Research Process:: Language and Color Discrimination

Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making

How Do We Represent Thoughts in Our Minds?

How Do We Reason About Evidence?

Critical Thinking

Psychology in the Real World:: Applying Critical ThinkingBeyond the Classroom

How Do We Make Judgments and Decisions?

Connecting Psychologists to Their Discoveries:: Nonrational Decision Making

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Language and Thought Learning a SecondLanguage

Chapter Review

10 Intelligence, Problem Solving,and Creativity

Intelligence

Defining Intelligence

Theories of Intelligence

Measures of Intelligence

Psychology in the Real World:: Bringing Multiple Intelligences to School

Breaking New Ground Changing Intelligence Tests

Extremes of Intelligence

The Nature and Nurture of Human Intelligence

Group Differences in Intelligence Scores

Non-Western Views of Intelligence

Problem Solving

Types of Problems

Solution Strategies

Research Process:: Group Versus Individual Solutions to the Jar Problem

Obstacles to Solutions

Creativity

What Is Creativity?

Stages of Creative Problem Solving

Genius, Intelligence, and Creativity

Creativity and the Brain

Cognitive Processes in Creative Thinking

The Creative Personality

Making Connections in Intelligence, Problem Solving,and Creativity Whiz Kids in Science

Chapter Review

11 Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

Models of Motivation

Hunger:: Survival of the Individual

Psychology in the Real World:: Why Dieting Does Not Work

Sex:: Survival of the Species

Research Process:: Gender and Casual Sex

The Needs to Belong and to Excel

Motivation in the Workplace

Emotion

Defining Emotion

Emotion as a Process

Emotion and the Brain

How Culture Impacts Emotion Expression

Gender and Emotion

Emotional intelligence

Bringing It All Together:: Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion Living a Satisfied Life

Chapter Review

12 Stress and Health

What Is Stress?

Stress As Stimulus or Response

The Physiology of Stress

Coping

Coping Strategies

The Positive Psychology of Coping

Psychology in the Real World:: Effects of Chronic Stress on Aging

How Stress and Coping Affect Health

Psychological Process and the Immune Systemconnecting Psychologists to Their Discoveries:: Linking the Nervous System and the Immune System

The Birth of Psychoimmunology

Psychological Risk Factors for Heart Disease

research on Health-Relevant Behavior

Research Process:: Effects of Exercise on the Brain

Making Connections in Stress and Health The Health Psychologyof HIV and AIDS

Chapter Review

13 Personality:: the uniquenessof the individual

Defining Personality

The Nature and Nurture of Personality

The Evolution of Personality Traits

Genetics and Personality

Temperament and the Fetal Environment

Personality and Culture:: Universality and Differences

How Do Theorists Explain Personality?

Psychoanalytic Theories

Humanistic-Positive Psychological Theories

Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

Trait Theories

Biological Theories

Breaking New Ground Animal Personality

How Is Personality Measured?

Behavioral Observation

Interviewing

Projective Tests

Questionnaires

Psychology in the Real World:: Screening and Selecting Police Officers

Making Connections in Personality Does Personality ChangeOver Time?

Research Process:: Personality Change After Alzheimers Disease

Chapter Review

14 Social Behavior

Group Living and Social Influence

Conformity

Minority Social Influence

Obedience

Social Perception

Attribution

Detecting Deception

Schemas

Stereotypes

Exclusion and Inclusion

Prejudice and Discrimination

Breaking New Ground The Study of Implicit Bias

Attitudes and Behavior

The Nature and Nurture of Attitudes

Attitude Change

Social Relations

The Nature and Nurture of Aggression

Prosocial Behavior

Psychology in the Real World:: Violent Media, Violent World

Research Process:: Empathy and Pain

Liking, Attraction, and Love

Making Connections in Social Behavior Analysis of theJonestown Cult

Chapter Review

15 Psychological Disorders

Defining Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder with or Without Agoraphobia

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)

Specific Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Psychology in the Real World:: Can Internet Use Become an Addiction?

Nature and Nurture Explanations of Anxiety Disorders

Mood Disorders

Depression and Its Causes

Research Process:: Gene-Environment Interaction in the Development of Depression

Bipolar Disorder and Its Causes

Schizophrenia

Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Nature and Nurture Explanations of Schizophrenia

Connecting Psychologists with Their Discoveries:: The discovery of Dopamine

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

Somatoform Disorders

Somatization Disorder

Hypochondriasis

Personality Disorders

Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders

Dramatic-Emotional Personality Disorders

Anxious–Fearful Personality Disorders

Nature and Nurture Explanations of Personality Disorders

Childhood Disorders

Subtypes of Childhood Disorders

Causes of Childhood Disorders

Bringing it All Together:: Making Connections in Psychological Disorders Creativity andMental Health

Chapter Review

16 Treatment of Psychological disorders

Biological Treatments

Drug Therapies

Psychosurgery

Electric and Magnetic Therapies

Breaking New Ground Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatmentof Severe Depression

Psychological Treatments for Psychological Disorders

Psychodynamic Therapy

Humanistic Therapy

Behavioral Treatments

Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments

Group Therapies

Psychology in the Real World:: Preventing Depression

Combined Approaches

Drugs and Psychotherapy

Integrative Therapies

Mindfulness Training and Psychotherapy

Effectiveness of Treatments

Effectiveness of Biological Treatments

Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments

Research Process:: Comparing Cognitive Therapy and Drug Therapyin Treatment of Depression

Effectiveness of Integrative Approaches

Making Connections in the Treatment of PsychologicalDisorders Approaches to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

Chapter Review

Glossary

References

Credits

Name Index

Subject Index