Bioethics:: Principles, Issues, and Cases explores the philosophical, medical, social, and legal aspects of key bioethical issues. Opening with a thorough introduction to ethics, bioethics, and moral reasoning, it then covers influential moral theories and the criteria for evaluating them. Integrating eighty-nine readings, numerous classic bioethical cases, and abundant pedagogical tools, this text addresses the most provocative and controversial topics inbioethics.
Contents; Preface; Part 1. Principles and Theories; Chapter 1 Moral Reasoning in Bioethics ; I. Ethics and Bioethics; II. Ethics and the Moral Life; In Depth: Morality and the Law ; III. Moral Principles in Bioethics; Autonomy; Nonmaleficence; Beneficence; Utility; Justice ; IV. Ethical Relativism; In Depth: Anthropology and Moral Diversity ; V. Ethics and Religion; VI. Moral Arguments; Argument Fundamentals; Patterns of Moral Arguments; Review: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms; In Depth: Fallacies in Moral Reasoning; Evaluating Premises; Assessing Whole Arguments ; VII. Obstacles to Critical Reasoning; Denying Contrary Evidence; Looking for Confirming Evidence; Motivated Reasoning; Preferring Available Evidence; The Dunning-Kruger Effect; VIII. Key Terms; IX. Summary; X. Argument Exercises; XI. Further Reading; XII. Notes; Chapter 2 bioethics and moral theories ; I. The Nature of Moral Theories; II. Influential Moral Theories; Utilitarianism ; In Depth: Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule ; Kantian Ethics; Natural Law Theory; Rawlss Contract Theory; Virtue Ethics; In Depth: Can Virtue Be Taught?; The Ethics of Care; Feminist Ethics; Casuistry ; III. Criteria for Judging Moral Theories; Review: Evaluating Moral Theories: Criteria of Adequacy ; IV. Applying the Criteria; Utilitarianism; Kants Theory ; V. Principlism: A Framework for Deciding Whats Right; Moral Common Sense; Prima Facie Principles; Three Rules; How to Decide; Resolving Cases; VI. Key Terms; VII. Summary; VIII. Further Reading; IX. Notes; Readings; Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill; The Moral Law, Immanuel Kant; Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle; The Need for More Than Justice, Annette C. Baier; Moral Saints, Susan Wolf; What Makes Right Actions Right? W.D. Ross; Part 2. Medical Professional and Patient; Chapter 3 paternalism and patient autonomy ; I. Shades of Autonomy and Paternalism; II. Refusing Treatment; In Depth: Physician Autonomy ; III. Futile Treatment; Legal Brief: Advance Directives; Legal Brief: Refusing Treatment for Children on Religious Grounds; In Depth: CPR and DNR; In Depth: Moral Conflicts in Nursing; Classic Case File: Elizabeth Bouvia ; IV. Applying Major Theories; V. Key Terms; VI. Summary; VII. Cases for Evaluation; VIII. Further Reading; IX. Notes; Readings; Paternalism, Gerald Dworkin; The Refutation of Medical Paternalism, Alan Goldman; Why Doctors Should Intervene, Terrence F. Ackerman; Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine, Robert L. Schwartz; Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship, Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Linda L. Emanuel; Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue Between Dax Cowart and Robert Burt, Dax Cowart and Robert Burt; Bouvia v. Superior Court, California Court of Appeal; Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship, AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs; Chapter 4 truth-telling and confidentiality ; I. Paternalism and Deception; In Depth: Do Patients Want the Truth? Do Physicians Tell It? ; II. Confidential Truths; Legal Brief: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn; In Depth: Truth-Telling and Cultural Diversity ; Classic Case File: Carlos R. ; III. Applying Major Theories; IV. Key Terms; V. Summary; VI. Cases for Evaluation; VII. Further Reading; VIII. Notes; Readings; On Telling Patients the Truth, Mack Lipkin; Is It Ever OK to Lie to Patients? Shelly K. Schwartz; Why Privacy Is Important, James Rachels; Confidentiality in Medicine-A Decrepit Concept, Mark Siegler; Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, Supreme Court of California; Truth-Telling in the Setting of Cultural Differences and Incurable Pediatric Illness, Abby R. Rosenberg, Helene Starks, Yoram Unguru, et al.; Chapter 5 informed consent ; I. Autonomy and Consent; II. Conditions of Informed Consent; In Depth: Decision-Making Capacity; In Depth: Two Views of Informed Consent ; Legal Brief: Important Informed Consent Cases ; III. Applying Major Theories; Classic Case File: Jerry Canterbury ; IV. Key Terms; V. Summary; VI. Cases for Evaluation; VII. Further Reading; VIII. Notes; Readings; The Concept of Informed Consent, Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp; Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale? Jay Katz; Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care, Howard Brody; Canterbury v. Spence, United States Court of Appeals; Chapter 6 human research; I. The Science of Clinical Trials; In Depth: The Tuskegee Tragedy ; II. Beneficence, Science, and Placebos; III. Science and Informed Consent; In Depth: Women in Clinical Trials ; IV. Research on the Vulnerable; In Depth: Why Enter a Clinical Trial? ; V. Applying Major Theories; VI. Key Terms; VII. Summary; Classic Case File: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study ; VIII. Cases for Evaluation; IX. Further Reading; X. Notes; Readings; The Nuremberg Code; Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, World Medical Association; The Belmont Report, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research; Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments; Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial, Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman; A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients, Benjamin Freedman; Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Allan M. Brandt; The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World, Marcia Angell; Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries, Baruch Brody; Part 3. Life and Death; Chapter 7 Abortion ; I. Starting Point: The Basics; Fact File: What the Data Say about U.S. Abortions ; II. The Legal Struggle; In Depth: Abortions Performed Later in Pregnancy ; III. Moral Arguments; In Depth: Does a Fetus Feel Pain?; In Depth: Abortion Law Worldwide; IV. Applying Major Theories; V. Key Terms; VI. Summary; Classic Case File: Nancy Klein ; VII. Cases for Evaluation; VIII. Further Reading; IX. Notes; Readings; A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thomson; Why Abortion Is Immoral, Don Marquis; On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, Mary Anne Warren; Abortion and the Concept of a Person, Jane English; Abortion, Margaret Olivia Little; Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens, Susan Sherwin; Abortion and the Interest View, Bonnie Steinbock with Lewis Vaughn; As a Rule, Rape Exceptions for Abortion Dont Work, Samuel Dickman; Chapter 8 Reproductive Technology; I. In Vitro Fertilization; Fact File: Assisted Reproduction ; In Depth: Savior Siblings ; II. Surrogacy; In Depth: IVF and Childrens Future Children ; III. Cloning; In Depth: Cloning Time Line ; IV. Applying Major Theories; V. Key Terms; In Depth: Sherri Shepherd: How Surrogacy Can Go Wrong ; VI. Summary; Classic Case File: Baby M; VII. Cases for Evaluation; VIII. Further Reading; IX. Notes; Readings; IVF: The Simple Case, Peter Singer; The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty, John A. Robertson; Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment? Laura M. Purdy; Is Womens Labor a Commodity? Elizabeth S. Anderson; Egg Donation and Commodification, Bonnie Steinbock; Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con, Dan W. Brock; Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation, Congregation For the Doctrine of the Faith; Chapter 9 genetic choices ; I. Genes and Genomes; II. Genetic Testing; III. Gene Therapy; Fact File: Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk; IV. Stem Cells; Fact File: Recent Developments in Gene Therapy; V. Applying Major Theories; Classic Case File: The Kingsburys ; VI. Key Terms; VII. Summary; VIII. Cases for Evaluation; IX. Further Reading; X. Notes; Readings; Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? Laura M. Purdy; The Morality of Screening for Disability, Jeff McMahan; Genetic Dilemmas and the Childs Right to an Open Future, Dena S. Davis; Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing, Robert Wachbroit; The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms-The Case of Wrongful Handicaps, Dan W. Brock; Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics? John Harris; Genetic Enhancement, Walter Glannon; Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings, Julian Savulescu; Germ-Line Gene Therapy, LeRoy Walters and Julie Gage Palmer; What Does Respect for Embryos Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research? Bonnie Steinbock; Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Pontifical Academy for Life; Chapter 10 euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide ; I. Deciding Life and Death; Legal Brief: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments ; In Depth: Assisted Suicide: What Do Doctors Think? ; II. Autonomy, Mercy, and Harm; In Depth: Oregons Death with Dignity Act; In Depth: End-of-Life Decisions in the Netherlands ; III. Applying Major Theories; In Depth: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Public Opinion; Classic Case File: Nancy Cruzan; IV. Key Terms; V. Summary; VI. Cases for Evaluation; VII. Further Reading; VIII. Notes; Readings; Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making, Timothy E. Quill; Voluntary Active Euthanasia, Dan W. Brock; When Self-Determination Runs Amok, Daniel Callahan; Active and Passive Euthanasia, James Rachels; Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un) Assisted Suicide, John Hardwig; The Philosophers Brief, Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson; Legalizing Assisted Dying Is Dangerous for Disabled People, Liz Carr; Vacco v. Quill, United States Supreme Court; Part 4. Justice and Health Care; Chapter 11 dividing up health care resources ; I. Health Care in Trouble; Fact File: U.S. Health Care; II. Theories of Justice; In Depth: Comparing Health Care Systems: United States, Canada, and Germany; III. A Right to Health Care; In Depth: Public Health and Bioethics ; IV. The Ethics of Rationing; Classic Case File: Christine deMeurers ; V. Key Terms; VI. Summary; VII. Cases for Evaluation; VIII. Further Reading; IX. Notes; Readings; Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass?, Norman Daniels; The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care, Allen E. Buchanan; Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude, H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.; Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care, Eric C. Schneider, Dana O. Sarnak, David Squires, et al.; Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain, James F. Childress, Ruth R. Faden, Ruth D. Gaare, et al.; Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy, D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin; Chapter 12 race, racial bias, and health care ; I. Race and Racism; Classic Case File: Henrietta Lacks; II. Health Disparities and Race; III. Implicit Bias in Health Care; In Depth: Can Implicit Biases Be Changed? ; IV. Racial Profiling in Medicine; V. Key Terms; VI. Summary; VII. Cases for Evaluation; VIII. Further Reading; IX. Notes; READINGS; Racial Profiling in Medicine, Michael Root; Clinicians Racial Bias as Pathways to Iatrogenic Harms for Black People, Keisha Ray; Algorithms Are Making Decisions About Health Care, Which May Only Worsen Medical Racism, Crystal Grant; Chapter 13 DISABILITY ETHICS; I. Disability Fictions; In Depth: What Do Clinicians Owe Disabled People?; II. What Is Disability?; III. Disability and Justice; IV. Key Terms; V. Summary; VI. Cases for Evaluation; VII. Further Reading; VIII. Notes; Readings; Disability: Historical Overview, Adam Cureton and David Wasserman; An Open Letter to Medical Students: Down Syndrome, Paradox, and Medicine, George Estreich; Disability and Impairment, Jessica Begon; Appendix; Glossary; Index;
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