Ethical Issues In Modern Medicine: Contemporary Readings in Bioethics

(* indicates new to 7th edition)

Preface

The Contributers

Introduction:: Moral Reasoning in the Medical Context

Bioethics:: Nature and Scope

Sources of Bioethical Problems and Concerns

Challenges to Ethical Theory

Moral Theories and Perspectives

Religious Ethics

Rights-Based Approaches

Communitarian Ethics

Virtue Ethics

Nonmoral Considerations

Modes of Moral Reasoning

PART ONE:: Foundations of the Health Professional-Patient Relationship

Section 1:: Autonomy, Paternalism, and Medical Models

The Hippocratic Oath

Alan Goldman, The Refutation of Medical Paternalism

Beneficience Today, or Autonomy (Maybe) Tomorrow?

Bernice S. Elger, Commentary

Jean-Claude Chevrolet, Commentary

*Terrence F. Ackerman, Why Doctors Should Intervene

Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Linda L. Emanuel, Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship

Section 2:: Informed Consent & Truth Telling

John D. Arras, Antihypertensives and the Risk of Temporary Impotence:: A Case Study in Informed Consent

Jay Katz, Informed Consent - Must it Remain a Fairy Tale?

Francoise Baylis, Error in Medicine:: Nurturing Truthfulness

*Leslie J. Blackhall, Gelya Frank, Sheila Murphy and Vicki Mitchel, Bioethics In a Different Tongue:: The Case of Truth-Telling

Benjamin Freedman, Offering Truth

Section 3:: Conflicting Professional Roles and Responsibilities

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

Len Fleck and Marcia Angell, Please Dont Tell

Lainie Friedman Ross, Disclosing Misattributed Paternity

*Dessmon YH Tai, SARS Plague:: Duty to Care or Medical Heroism

*Ezekiel J. Emanuel, The Lessons of SARS

*Gregory L. Eastwood, Daniel Fu-Chang Tsai, Ding-Shinn Chenn and James Dwyer, What Should the Dean Do?

*Julie Cantor and Ken Baum, The Limits of Conscientious Objections - May Pharmacists Refuse to Fill Prescriptions for Emergency Contraception

*Atul Gawande, When Law and Ethics Collide - Why Physicians Participate in Executions

*Ken Baum, To Comfort Always:: Physician Participation in Executions

*Daniel Zupan, Gary Solis, Richard Schoonhoven and George Annas, Dialysis for a Prisoner of War?

PART TWO:: Allocation, Social Justice, and Health Policy

Section 1:: Justice, Health, and Health Care

Presidents Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, An Ethical Framework for Securing Access to Health Care

Norman Daniels, Equal Opportunity and Health Care

H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., Freedom and Moral Diversity:: The Moral Failures of Health Care in the Welfare State

*Richard Wilkinson and Michael Marmot, eds. for the World Health Organization, The Social Determinants of Health:: The Solid Facts

*Ichiro Kawachi, Why the United States Is Not Number One in Health

*Norman Daniels, Justice, Health, and Health Care

*Gopal Sreenivasan, Opportunity Is Not the Key

Section 2:: Allocating Scarce Resources

Alex John London, Bone Marrow Transplants for Advanced Breast Cancer:: The Story of Christine deMeurers

*Ronald Dworkin, Justice and the High Cost of Health

*Robert Steinbrook, Imposing Personal Responsibility for Health

*Alexander W. Cappellen and Ole Frithjof Norheim, Responsibility in Health Care:: A Liberal Egalitarian Approach

Norman Daniels and James Sabin, Last-Chance Therapies and Managed Care:: Pluralism, Fair Procedures, and Legitimacy

*James Dwyer, Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility

*John D. Arras, Rationing Vaccine During an Avian Influenza Pandemic:: Why It Wont Be Easy

*Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Alan Wertheimer, Who Should Get Flu Vaccine When Not All Can?

Section 3:: Organ Transplantation:: Gifts vs. Markets

*Janet Radcliffe-Richards, Abdallah S. Daar, Ronald D. Guttman, Raymond Hoffenberg, Ian Kennedy, Margaret Lock, Robert A. Sells, Nicholas L. Tilney, for the International Forum for Transplant Ethics, The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales

*Charles A. Erin and John Harris, An Ethical Market in Human Organs

*Donald Joralemon and Phil Cox, Body Values:: The Case Against Compensating for Transplant Organs

Section 4:: Poverty, Health, and Justice Beyond National Borders

*Thomas A. Pogge, Responsibilities for Poverty-Related Ill Health

*Mathias Risse, Do We Owe the Global Poor Assistance or Rectification?

PART THREE:: Defining Death, Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatment, and Euthanasia

Section 1:: The Definition of Death

Presidents Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Defining Death

*James L. Bernat, The Whole-Brain Concept of Death Remains Optimum Public Policy

*Jeff McMahan, An Alternative to Brain Death

Section 2:: Decisional Capacity and the Right to Refuse Treatment

State of Tennessee Department of Human Services v. Mary C. Northern:: Transcript of Proceedings, Testimony of Mary C. Northern

Allen Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for Others:: Competency

Keith Burton, A Chronicle:: Daxs Case as it Happened

Robert B. White, Commentary

H. Tristram Engelhardt, Commentary

Section 3:: Advance Directives

George J. Annas, The Health Care Proxy and the Living Will

*Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider, Enough:: The Failure of the Living Will

Norman L. Cantor, Testing the Limits of Precedent Autonomy:: Five Scenarios

Section 4:: Choosing for the Once-Competent

*Jay Wolfson, Erring on the Side of Theresa Schiavo:: Reflections of the Special Guardian Ad Litem

*Wesley J. Smith, Human Non-PersonTerri Schiavo, Bioethics, and Our Future

In the Matter of Claire C. Conroy

John D. Arras, The Severely Demented, Minimally Functional Patient:: An Ethical Analysis

U.S. Bishops Pro-Life Committee, Nutrition and Hydration:: Moral and Pastoral Reflections

Rebecca S. Dresser and John A. Robertson, Quality of Life and Non-Treatment Decisions for Incompetent Patients:: A Critique of the Orthodox Approach

Nancy K. Rhoden, The Limits of Legal Objectivity

*Section 5:: Choosing for the Never-Competent

*Alicia Ouellette, Termination of Life-Support for a Never-Competent Patient:: the Sheila Pouliot Case

*John Robertson, Extreme Prematurity and Parental Rights After Baby Doe

*John Paris, Michael D. Schreiber and Alun Elias-Jones, Resuscitation of the Preterm Infant Against Parental Wishes

Section 6:: Physician-Assisted Death

Timothy E. Quill, Death and Dignity:: A Case of Individualized Decision Making

John D. Arras, Physician-Assisted Suicide:: A Tragic View

Assisted Suicide:: an Amicus Curiae Brief

Ronald Dworkin, Introduction

Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson, The Philosophers Brief

Margaret Battin, Euthanasia:: The Way We Do It, The Way They Do It (updates for the new edition)

John Hardwig, Is There A Duty to Die?

Felicia Nimue Ackerman, For Now Have I My Death::the Duty to Die versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive

PART FOUR:: Reproduction

Section 1:: The Morality of Abortion

Pope John Paul II, The Unspeakable Crime of Abortion

Don Marquis, Why Abortion is Immoral

Bonnie Steinbock, Why Most Abortions Are Not Wrong

Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion

Margaret Olivia Little, The Morality of Abortion

Section 2:: Obligations to the Not-Yet-Born

*Howard Minkoff and Lynn M. Paltrow, The Rights of Unborn Children and the Value of Pregnant Women

Allen Buchanan, Dam Brock, Norman Daniels and Daniel Wikler, Reproductive Freedom and the Prevention of Genetically Transmitted Harmful Conditions

*Richard J. Hull, Cheap Listening? - Reflections on the Concept of Wrongful Disability

Section 3:: Assisted Reproduction

John A. Robertson, The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty

Vatican, Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation

*Thomas H. Murray, What are Families for? Getting to an Ethics of Reproductive Technology

*Jessica Cohen, Grade A:: The Market for a Yale Womans Eggs

*Bonnie Steinbock, Payment for Egg Donation

Section 4:: Reproductive Cloning

*The Presidents Council on Bioethics, The Case Against Cloning-to-Produce-Children

*Bonnie Steinbock, Reproductive Cloning:: Another Look

Thomas H. Murray, Even If It Worked, Cloning Wouldnt Bring Her Back

PART FIVE:: Genetics

Section 1:: Prenatal Genetic Testing

Adrienne Asch, Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion:: A Challenge to Practice and Policy

*Bonnie Steinbock, Disability, Prenatal Testing and Selective Abortion

Jeffrey R. Botkin, Ethical Issues and Practical Problems in Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Bonnie Steinbock, Case Study on Molly and Adam Nash

Section 2:: Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Research

*Michael Sandel, Embryo Ethics - The Moral Logic of Stem-Cell Research

*Robert George and Patrick Lee, Acorns and Embryos

*William FitzPatrick, Surplus Embryos, Nonreproductive Cloning, and the Intend/Foresee Distinction

PART SIX:: Experimentation on Human Subjects

Section 1:: Born in Scandal:: The Origins of US Research Ethics

The Nuremburg Code

John D. Arras, The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Case

David J. Rothman and Sheila M. Rothman, The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies

Allan M. Brandt, Racism and Research:: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, The Belmont Report

Section 2:: The Ethics of Randomized Clinical Trials

Maurie Markman, Ethical Difficulties with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients:: Examples from the Field of Gynecologic Oncology

Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman, Of Mice but Not Men:: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial

Benjamin Freedman, A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients

Section 3:: Ethical Issues in International Research

Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe, Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries

Robert A. Crouch and John D. Arras, AZT Trials and Tribulations

Alex John London, The Ambiguity and the Exigency:: Clarifying Standard of Care Arguments in International Research

Leonard H. Glanz, George J. Annas, Michael A Grodin, and Wendy K. Mariner, Reasearch in Developing Countries:: Taking Benefit Seriously

*Participants in the 2001 Conference on Ethical Aspects of Research in Developing Countries, Fair Benefits for Research in Developing Countries

Section 4:: Research on Children

Alex John London, Children and Minimal Risk Research:: The Kennedy-Krieger Lead Paint Study

Thomas H. Murray, Research on Children and the Scope of Responsible Parenthood

Benjamin Freedman, Abraham Fuks, and Charles Weijer, In Loco Parentis:: Minimal Risk as an Ethical Threshold for Research upon Children

PART SEVEN:: Emerging Technologies and Perennial Issues

Section 1:: Emerging Technologies

*Steven Pinker, Designer Baby Myth

*Mark A. Rothstein, Applications of Behavioral Genetics:: Outpacing the Science

*Walter Glannon, Neuroethics

Section 2:: Enhancement

*David B. Allen, Growth Hormone Therapy for the Disability of Short Stature

Norman Daniels, The Genome Project, Individual Differences, and Just Health Care

*Julian Savulescu, Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings

*Michael Sandel, The Case Against Perfection:: Whats Wrong with Designer Children, Bionic Athletes, and Genetic Engineering

*Ronald Bailey, Anyone for Tennis, at the Age of 150??

Section 3:: Free Will and Responsibility

*Walter Glannon, Neurobiology, Neuroimaging, and Free Will

Appendix:: Resources in Bioethics