Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications

Part I. Energy Systems
Chapter 1. Introduction
History of Exercise Physiology
Rate-Limiting Factors
Maximal Oxygen Consumption
Performance and Predictors of Performance
Stress and Strain
Overload Principle
Professional Field of Exercise Physiology and Exercise and Sports Science
Physical Activity and Health: Reports, Guidelines, and Recommendations

Chapter 2. Bioenergetics
Heat, Temperature, and Biological Systems
Laws of Thermodynamics
Adenosine Triphosphate

Chapter 3. ATP Homeostasis
Nonoxidative Immediate Energy System
Nonoxidative Glycolytic and Glycogenolytic Energy Systems
Oxidative Energy System
Energy Systems and Performance
Enzymatic Regulation of Metabolism
Adenylate Energy Charge
Energy Supply and Use During Physical Exercise Within the Context of Energy Flow in the Biosphere

Chapter 4. Basics of Metabolism
Energy Transduction in the Biosphere
Metabolism and Heat Production in Animals
Early Attempts at Calorimetry
Open-Circuit Calorimeters
Respiratory Gas Exchange Ratio
Indirect Calorimetry

Chapter 5. Glycolysis and Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
Dietary Sources of Glucose
Postprandial Lactate Shuttle
Blood Glucose Concentration During Rest and Exercise
Glycolysis in History
Glycogenolysis
Cell-Cell Lactate Shuttle
Gluconeogenesis
Effects of Training on Glycolytic Enzyme Abundances and Glycolysis
Glucose, Glycogen, and Other Substrate Use During Exercise
Effects of Exercise and Endurance Training on Blood Lactate

Chapter 6. Cellular Oxidation of Pyruvate and Lactate
Structure of the Mitochondrial Reticulum
Connectivity of the Mitochondrial Reticulum
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Effects of Training on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Protein
Training Adaptations and Coordination of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes
Muscle Mitochondrial Oxygen Partial Pressure During Exercise
Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Oxidative Damage

Chapter 7. Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Structure
Esterification and Hydrolysis
Dietary Lipids
Free Fatty Acid Blood Levels
Intramuscular Triglycerides and Lipoproteins as Fuel Sources
Exercise Recovery and Lipid Oxidation Timing
Mitochondrial Adaptation to Enhance Fat Oxidation
Glucose-Fatty Acid (Randle) Cycle
Crossover Concept
Energy Substrate Shunting and Shuttling During Exercise
Ketones as Fuels

Chapter 8. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid and Protein Structure
Dietary Proteins
Amino Acid Pools
Gluconeogenic Amino Acids
Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Glucose-Alanine Cycle
Glutamate and Glutamine as Ammonia Scavengers
Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Fluxomics

Chapter 9. Neuroendocrine Control of Metabolism
Hormonal Control of Glycemia
Hepatic Control of Glycemia
Autonomic Nervous System and Catecholamine Control of Glycemia
Endocrine Control of Gluconeogenesis

Chapter 10. Metabolic Response to Exercise
Validity of Indirect Calorimetry in Measuring Exercise Responses
Principles of Tracer Methodology
Muscle as a Consumer of Lactate During Exercise
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC), or the O2 Debt
Historical O2 Debt Theory
Metabolic Fate of Lactate After Exercise
Exercise-Related Disturbances to Mitochondrial Function
Lactate Turnover During Exercise

Part II. Physiological Systems
Chapter 11. Pulmonary Ventilation
Breathing, Ventilation, and Respiration
Environmental Influences on Pulmonary Gas Volumes
Entry of O2 Into Blood
Pulmonary Diffusion
Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin in CO2 Transport
Bicarbonate Buffer System

Chapter 12. Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Anatomy
Partial Pressures
Control of Tidal Volume and Breathing Frequency
Neural-Humoral Control of Ventilation

Chapter 13. Ventilation as a Limiting Factor
Ventilatory Perfusion Ratio (VE/Q)
Ventilatory Equivalent of Oxygen (VE/VO2) During Exercise
Maximum Expiratory Minute Ventilation Versus Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
Partial Pressures of Alveolar and Arterial Oxygen
Alveolar Surface Area for Gas Exchange
Fatigue of Ventilatory Muscles and Other Limitations
Pulmonary Limitations in Highly Trained Athletes

Chapter 14. Mechanics of the Heart
Structure of the Heart
Regulation of Cardiac Chronotropy and Inotropy
Myocardium Electrical Activity and Measurement
Cardiac Performance at Rest and During Exercise

Chapter 15. Circulation and Its Control
Mechanics of Circulation
Determinants of Blood Flow
Neural Control of the Heart
Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System
Hormonal Control Mechanisms
Metabolic Regulation of Blood Flow
Autoregulation
Cardiovascular Control During Exercise
Redistribution (Shunting) of Blood Flow During Exercise and Other Forms of Cell Work

Chapter 16. Cardiovascular Dynamics and Exercise
Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise
Limits of Cardiovascular Performance
Changes in Cardiovascular Parameters With Training

Chapter 17. Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contractile Properties
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Steric Block Model
Crossbridge Cycle Models
Length-Tension Relationship
Isometric Contractions
Force-Velocity Relationship

Chapter 18. Nervous System Control of Movement
Structure of the Nervous System
Excitability of Neurons
Neuromuscular Transmission
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Muscle Fibers and Motor Unit Recruitment
Integrative Control of Movement
Motor Control Process

Part III. Adaptations to Exercise and Environment
Chapter 19. Principles of Skeletal Muscle Adaptations
Myoplasticity
Muscle Fiber Types in Elite Athletes
Muscle Adaptations in Response to Endurance Training
Muscle Adaptations in Response to Resistance Training
Muscle Adaptations in Response to Decreased Physical Activity
Muscle Adaptations in Response to Injury
Sex Differences in Skeletal Muscle
Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle

Chapter 20. Muscle Strength, Power, and Flexibility
Classification of Strength Exercises
Muscle Adaptation to Progressive Resistance Exercise
Components of Muscle Strength
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Progressive Resistance Training Programs
Flexibility Training

Chapter 21. Endurance Training Principles
Historical Perspective
Human Genotypes and Phenotypes
Overload, Stimulus, and Response
Three Components of a Training Session
Specificity, Skill Acquisition, and Developing Metabolism
Over-Distance Training
Interval Training
Training Variation and Peaking
Volume Versus Intensity of Training
Peripheral Versus Central Limitations
High-Altitude Training
Methods of Evaluating Training Intensity
Planning a Training Schedule

Chapter 22. Temperature Regulation and Exercise in Heat and Cold
Normal Body Temperature
Heat Transfer
Heat Production Mechanisms
Heat Loss Mechanisms
Temperature Regulation and the Hypothalamus
Exercise in the Cold
Exercise in the Heat
Thermal Stress and Heat-Related Illnesses During Exercise

Chapter 23. Atmospheric Pressure, Air Pollution, Travel, Space, and Exercise
Altitude
Hyperbaria
Biological Rhythms and Travel Across Time Zones
Air Pollution
Space Physiology

Part IV. Exercise and Performance Factors
Chapter 24. Exercise Testing and Prescription
Medical Screening Before Beginning an Exercise Program
Understanding METs and MET-Minutes
Maximum Oxygen Consumption and Functional Capacity
Measuring Maximum Oxygen Consumption
Tests of Functional Capacity
VO2max Field Tests
Health Benefits of Physical Activity

Chapter 25. Cardiovascular Diseases
Sudden Cardiac Death and Exercise
Atherosclerosis Development
Lipoproteins
Hypertension
Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors
Cardiac Rehabilitation

Chapter 26. Obesity and Body Composition
Body Composition
Obesity and Health
Energy Balance
Obesity Treatment

Chapter 27. Disease and Disability
Chronic Diseases
Pulmonary Disorders
Immunity and Infection
Mental Health Disorders
Physical Disabilities
Bed Rest and Deconditioning

Chapter 28. Nutrition and Athletic Performance
Nutritional Practice in Athletics
Macronutrient Reports
Muscle and Dietary Carbohydrate
Amino Acid Role in Exercise
Lean Tissue Maintenance and Accretion
Fat Utilization During Exercise
Precompetition Meals
Fluid, Energy, and Electrolyte Ingestion During and After Exercise
Balanced Diet
Special Dietary Needs and Supplements

Chapter 29. Ergogenic Aids
Banned Substances
Hormonal Ergogenic Aids
Stimulants
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids and Supplements
Blood Manipulation
Gene Doping

Chapter 30. Sex and Gender Considerations
Physiological Sex Differences
Exercise and the Menstrual Cycle
The Female Athlete Triad
Exercise and Pregnancy

Chapter 31. Growth and Development
The Growth Process in Humans
Neuroendocrine Control of Growth
Exercise, Sports, and Growth
Skeletal Development During Growth
Body Composition Changes During Growth
Changes in Cardioventilatory and Metabolic Function
Developmental Responses to Training

Chapter 32. Aging
Aging Effects and Mortality
Cardiovascular Capacity
Pulmonary Function
Bone Density
Joint Health
Skeletal Muscle
Body Composition and Stature
Neural Function
Aging Theories and Exercise Effects
Exercise Prescription for Older Adults

Chapter 33. Fatigue and the Limits of Performance
Identifying Fatigue
Metabolite Depletion
Metabolite Accumulation
Oxygen Depletion and Muscle Mitochondrial Density
Central and Neuromuscular Fatigue
Psychological Fatigue
Heart Muscle Fatigue
VO2max and Endurance
Fatigue Research Technology