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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

9781119536628
327,30 zł
294,56 zł Zniżka 32,74 zł Brutto
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Opis

The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review ?

The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews of the effects of health interventions. Designed to be an accessible resource, the Handbook will also be of interest to anyone undertaking systematic reviews of interventions outside Cochrane, and many of the principles and methods presented are appropriate for systematic reviews addressing research questions other than effects of interventions.

This fully updated edition contains extensive new material on systematic review methods addressing a wide-range of topics including network meta-analysis, equity, complex interventions, narrative synthesis, and automation. Also new to this edition, integrated throughout the Handbook, is the set of standards Cochrane expects its reviews to meet. 

Written for review authors, editors, trainers and others with an interest in Cochrane Reviews, the second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions continues to offer an invaluable resource for understanding the role of systematic reviews, critically appraising health research studies and conducting reviews. 

Szczegóły produktu
Wiley-Blackwell
79850
9781119536628
9781119536628

Opis

Rok wydania
2019
Numer wydania
2
Oprawa
twarda
Liczba stron
728
Wymiary (mm)
171.00 x 247.00
Waga (g)
1388
  • Contributors xiii

    Preface xxiii

    Part One Core methods 1

    1 Starting a review 3

    1.1 Why do a systematic review? 3

    1.2 What is the review question? 4

    1.3 Who should do a systematic review? 5

    1.4 The importance of reliability 7

    1.5 Protocol development 8

    1.6 Data management and quality assurance 11

    1.7 Chapter information 12

    1.8 References 12

    2 Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address 13

    2.1 Rationale for well-formulated questions 13

    2.2 Aims of reviews of interventions 15

    2.3 Defining the scope of a review question 16

    2.4 Ensuring the review addresses the right questions 21

    2.5 Methods and tools for structuring the review 24

    2.6 Chapter information 29

    2.7 References 29

    3 Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis 33

    3.1 Introduction 33

    3.2 Articulating the review and comparison PICO 35

    3.3 Determining which study designs to include 51

    3.4 Eligibility based on publication status and language 60

    3.5 Chapter information 61

    3.6 References 61

    4 Searching for and selecting studies 67

    4.1 Introduction 68

    4.2 General issues 68

    4.3 Sources to search 70

    4.4 Designing search strategies 79

    4.5 Documenting and reporting the search process 90

    4.6 Selecting studies 92

    4.7 Chapter information 99

    4.8 References 99

    5 Collecting data 109

    5.1 Introduction 109

    5.2 Sources of data 110

    5.3 What data to collect 114

    5.4 Data collection tools 125

    5.5 Extracting data from reports 130

    5.6 Extracting study results and converting to the desired format 136

    5.7 Managing and sharing data 136

    5.8 Chapter information 137

    5.9 References 137

    6 Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect 143

    6.1 Types of data and effect measures 143

    6.2 Study designs and identifying the unit of analysis 145

    6.3 Extracting estimates of effect directly 148

    6.4 Dichotomous outcome data 150

    6.5 Continuous outcome data 156

    6.6 Ordinal outcome data and measurement scales 168

    6.7 Count and rate data 170

    6.8 Time-to-event data 172

    6.9 Conditional outcomes only available for subsets of participants 173

    6.10 Chapter information 174

    6.11 References 174

    7 Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies 177

    7.1 Introduction 177

    7.2 Empirical evidence of bias 180

    7.3 General procedures for risk-of-bias assessment 185

    7.4 Presentation of assessment of risk of bias 188

    7.5 Summary assessments of risk of bias 188

    7.6 Incorporating assessment of risk of bias into analyses 190

    7.7 Considering risk of bias due to missing results 192

    7.8 Considering source of funding and conflict of interest of authors of included studies 193

    7.9 Chapter information 199

    7.10 References 199

    8 Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial 205

    8.1 Introduction 205

    8.2 Overview of RoB 2 206

    8.3 Bias arising from the randomization process 212

    8.4 Bias due to deviations from intended interventions 214

    8.5 Bias due to missing outcome data 217

    8.6 Bias in measurement of the outcome 220

    8.7 Bias in selection of the reported result 221

    8.8 Differences from the previous version of the tool 225

    8.9 Chapter information 226

    8.10 References 227

    9 Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis 229

    9.1 Introduction 229

    9.2 A general framework for synthesis 230

    9.3 Preliminary steps of a synthesis 231

    9.4 Checking data before synthesis 238

    9.5 Types of synthesis 238

    9.6 Chapter information 240

    9.7 References 240

    10 Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses 241

    10.1 Do not start here! 242

    10.2 Introduction to meta-analysis 242

    10.3 A generic inverse-variance approach to meta-analysis 245

    10.4 Meta-analysis of dichotomous outcomes 246

    10.5 Meta-analysis of continuous outcomes 251

    10.6 Combining dichotomous and continuous outcomes 254

    10.7 Meta-analysis of ordinal outcomes and measurement scales 255

    10.8 Meta-analysis of counts and rates 255

    10.9 Meta-analysis of time-to-event outcomes 256

    10.10 Heterogeneity 257

    10.11 Investigating heterogeneity 265

    10.12 Missing data 272

    10.13 Bayesian approaches to meta-analysis 276

    10.14 Sensitivity analyses 277

    10.15 Chapter information 279

    10.16 References 280

    11 Undertaking network meta-analyses 285

    11.1 What is network meta-analysis? 285

    11.2 Important concepts 287

    11.3 Planning a Cochrane Review to compare multiple interventions 293

    11.4 Synthesis of results 297

    11.5 Evaluating confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis 304

    11.6 Presenting network meta-analyses 309

    11.7 Concluding remarks 315

    11.8 Chapter information 316

    11.9 References 316

    12 Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods 321

    12.1 Why a meta-analysis of effect estimates may not be possible 321

    12.2 Statistical synthesis when meta-analysis of effect estimates is not possible 324

    12.3 Visual display and presentation of the data 330

    12.4 Worked example 333

    12.5 Chapter information 345

    12.6 References 346

    13 Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis 349

    13.1 Introduction 350

    13.2 Minimizing risk of bias due to missing results 351

    13.3 A framework for assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis 354

    13.4 Summary 369

    13.5 Chapter information 370

    13.6 References 370

    14 Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence 375

    14.1 ‘Summary of findings’ tables 375

    14.2 Assessing the certainty or quality of a body of evidence 389

    14.3 Describing the assessment of the certainty of a body of evidence using the GRADE framework 398

    14.4 Chapter information 399

    14.5 References 399

    15 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions 403

    15.1 Introduction 403

    15.2 Issues of indirectness and applicability 405

    15.3 Interpreting results of statistical analyses 408

    15.4 Interpreting results from dichotomous outcomes (including numbers needed to treat) 411

    15.5 Interpreting results from continuous outcomes (including standardized mean differences) 416

    15.6 Drawing conclusions 422

    15.7 Chapter information 427

    15.8 References 428

    Part Two Specific perspectives in reviews 433

    16 Equity and specific populations 435

    16.1 Introduction to equity in systematic reviews 435

    16.2 Formulation of the review 437

    16.3 Identification of evidence 441

    16.4 Appraisal of evidence 443

    16.5 Synthesis of evidence 443

    16.6 Interpretation of evidence 444

    16.7 Concluding remarks 445

    16.8 Chapter information 445

    16.9 References 445

    17 Intervention complexity 451

    17.1 Introduction 451

    17.2 Formulation of the review 461

    17.3 Identification of evidence 468

    17.4 Appraisal of evidence 469

    17.5 Synthesis of evidence 469

    17.6 Interpretation of evidence 472

    17.7 Chapter information 473

    17.8 References 474

    18 Patient-reported outcomes 479

    18.1 Introduction to patient-reported outcomes 479

    18.2 Formulation of the review 480

    18.3 Appraisal of evidence 482

    18.4 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence 485

    18.5 Chapter information 488

    18.6 References 489

    19 Adverse effects 493

    19.1 Introduction to issues in addressing adverse effects 493

    19.2 Formulation of the review 496

    19.3 Identification of evidence 500

    19.4 Appraisal of evidence 502

    19.5 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence 503

    19.6 Chapter information 504

    19.7 References 505

    20 Economic evidence 507

    20.1 Introduction 507

    20.2 Formulation of the review 512

    20.3 Identification of evidence 517

    20.4 Appraisal of evidence 519

    20.5 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence 519

    20.6 Chapter information 521

    20.7 References 522

    21 Qualitative evidence 525

    21.1 Introduction 525

    21.2 Designs for synthesizing and integrating qualitative evidence with intervention reviews 526

    21.3 Defining qualitative evidence and studies 527

    21.4 Planning a qualitative evidence synthesis linked to an intervention review 528

    21.5 Question development 529

    21.6 Questions exploring intervention implementation 530

    21.7 Searching for qualitative evidence 531

    21.8 Assessing methodological strengths and limitations of qualitative studies 532

    21.9 Selecting studies to synthesize 533

    21.10 Selecting a qualitative evidence synthesis and data extraction method 534

    21.11 Data extraction 534

    21.12 Assessing the confidence in qualitative synthesized findings 537

    21.13 Methods for integrating the qualitative evidence synthesis with an intervention review 537

    21.14 Reporting the protocol and qualitative evidence synthesis 538

    21.15 Chapter information 539

    21.16 References 539

    Part Three Further topics 547

    22 Prospective approaches to accumulating evidence 549

    22.1 Introduction 549

    22.2 Evidence surveillance: active monitoring of the accumulating evidence 550

    22.3 Prospectively planned meta-analysis 554

    22.4 Statistical analysis of accumulating evidence 561

    22.5 Chapter information 564

    22.6 References 565

    23 Including variants on randomized trials 569

    23.1 Cluster-randomized trials 569

    23.2 Crossover trials 576

    23.3 Studies with more than two intervention groups 585

    23.4 Chapter information 590

    23.5 References 591

    24 Including non-randomized studies on intervention effects 595

    24.1 Introduction 595

    24.2 Developing criteria for including non-randomized studies of interventions 601

    24.3 Searching for non-randomized studies of interventions 606

    24.4 Selecting studies and collecting data 608

    24.5 Assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies 610

    24.6 Synthesis of results from non-randomized studies 611

    24.7 Interpretation and discussion 614

    24.8 Chapter information 617

    24.9 References 617

    25 Assessing risk of bias in a non-randomized study 621

    25.1 Introduction 622

    25.2 Biases in non-randomized studies 623

    25.3 The ROBINS-I tool 626

    25.4 Risk of bias in follow-up (cohort) studies 632

    25.5 Risk of bias in uncontrolled before-after studies (including interrupted time series) 635

    25.6 Risk of bias in controlled before-after studies 638

    25.7 Chapter information 640

    25.8 References 640

    26 Individual participant data 643

    26.1 Introduction 643

    26.2 Collecting IPD 647

    26.3 Managing and checking IPD 650

    26.4 Analysis of IPD 652

    26.5 Reporting IPD reviews 655

    26.6 Appraising the quality of IPD reviews 655

    26.7 Chapter information 655

    26.8 References 655

    Index 659

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